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NUR5111 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Define gland:

A

Any structure that makes and secretes a hormone

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2
Q

What is the master gland?

A

Pituitary gland

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3
Q

Structure of hormones:

A
  • Amino acids (proteins): water soluble, receptors on outside of target cells
  • Lipids (cholesterol): lipid soluble, receptors inside target cells
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4
Q

Growth hormone (GH) function:

A

Promotes growth and repair of cells

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5
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone function:

A

Synthesis and release of thyroid hormone, growth and function of thyroid

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

Growth of adrenal cortex; secretion of corticosteroids

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7
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function

A

Reproductive function

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8
Q

Prolactin function

A

Milk production

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9
Q

Oxytocin function:

A

Milk secretion; uterine contraction

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

A

Reabsorption of H2O

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11
Q

Hormones secreted by the thyroid:

A
  • Thyroxine (T4): Precursor to T3
  • Triiodothyronine (T3): Regulates metabolic rate and cell growth
  • Calcitonin: Regulates calcium and phosphorous levels
  • Parathyroid hormone: regulates calcium and phosphorous levels (bones)
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12
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenals:

A
  • Adrenaline/noradrenaline: response to stress; enhances and prolongs effects on SNS
  • Corticosteroids: promotes metabolism; response to stress
  • Androgens: masculinisation in men; sexual activity in women
  • Mineralcorticosteroids: Na+, H2O, K+ balance
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13
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreas:

A
  • Insulin: movement of glucose into cells
  • Glucagon: glycogenolysis
  • Somatostatin: inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
  • pancreatic polypeptide: regulation of pancreas functioning
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14
Q

Hormones secreted by ovaries and testes:

A
  • Oestrogen: secondary sex characteristics; preparation of uterus for pregnancy; foetal growth; stimulates bone growth
  • progesterone: maintains lining of uterus for pregnancy, precursor to testosterone
  • testosterone: secondary sex characteristics
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15
Q

Endocrine subjective assessment

A
  • use of medications
  • family history
  • weight changes
  • difficulty swallowing or change in neck size (goitre)
  • changes to skin or hair
  • elimination pattern
  • sleep-rest pattern
  • menstruation changes
  • stressors
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16
Q

Associated symptoms with endocrine dysfunction:

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia (thirst)
  • Polyphagia (hunger)
  • Tachycardia
  • palpitations
  • fatigue
  • altered mood
  • depression
  • weight gain
17
Q

Endocrine objective assessment:

A
  • Inspect:
  • skin, nails, hair
  • neck
  • thyroid (swelling)
  • chest wall
  • Palpate:
  • neck & chest wall
  • vital signs
  • GCS
  • mental - anxiety
  • height & weight
18
Q

Complications of feet/lower extremities:

A
  • Foot ulcers
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Sensory neuropathy
  • higher risk of infection
19
Q

Homeostatic glucose levels:

A

90mg glucose/100mL blood

3-8mmol/L

20
Q

Type I diabetes:

A
  • Results from progressive destruction of beta cells due to autoimmunity
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Requires exogenous source of insulin
21
Q

Type II diabetes:

A
  • Results from cells becoming resistant to insulin or pancreas producing little insulin
  • insufficient insulin or poorly utilised by cells
  • pancreas usually continues to produce some insulin
22
Q

Gestational diabetes:

A
  • develops during pregnancy due to high blood glucose levels in mother
  • brings extra glucose to baby
  • causes baby to put on extra weight
23
Q

Diagnosing diabetes:

A
  • Fasting plasma glucose>7mmol/L
  • 2hr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) >11.1mmol/L using 75g glucose load
  • HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) - amount of glucose attached to Hb over a 3 month period; normal range: 4-5% non diabetic
24
Q

Chronic complications of diabetes:

A

Vascular: atherosclerosis (stroke, MI, PVD), thickening of vessel wall

Retinopathy: damage to retina, development of microaneurysms (haemorrage, retinal oedema)

Nephropathy: damage to vessels that support glomeruli, impotence/difficulty passing urine

Neuropathy: nerve damage, sensory neuropathy (loss of sensation, numbness, pain, paraesthesia - pins and needles)

25
Q

Symptoms of T1DM:

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyuria
  • Wasting
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Keto-acidosis (most common first presentation)
26
Q

What is keto-acidosis?

A
  • When levels of ketones in your body are dangerously high
  • Insulin is responsible for decreasing lipolysis, in its absence, more fats are broken down, causing high amounts of ketones
27
Q

Symptoms of T2DM:

A
  • Gradual onset of symptoms

- IHD, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy

28
Q

T2DM treatment options:

A
  • Diet control and weight loss
  • Oral hypoglycaemic agents (decrease glyconeogenesis, reduce intestinal/renal absorption of glucose, improves peripheral uptake of glucose, stimulates insulin release)
  • Insulin
29
Q

Diabetic keto-acidosis indicators:

A

Triad: hyperglycaemia (14-40mmol/L), metabolic acidosis (pH <7.3), ketonaemia, ketonuria

  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte loss (K+)
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Ketone breath
  • lethargy
  • Kussmaul’s respirations (deep sighing)
30
Q

Diabetic keto-acidosis treatment:

A
  • Electrolytes (potassium replacement)
  • Fluid
  • Insulin
  • IV drip
  • airway management
  • education
31
Q

Hypoglycaemia symptoms:

A
  • Neurogenic reaction: pallor, sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, hunger, restlessness, anxiety, tremor
  • Cellular malnutrition: fatigue, irritability, headache, loss of concentration, visual disturbances, dizziness, hunger, confusion, coma, death
32
Q

Hyperthyroidism treatments:

A
  • Antithyroid medications/iodides (prevents formation of T3/T4)
  • Beta-blockers (suppresses symptoms such as anxiety, tremor, tachycardia)
  • Surgical removal of thyroid gland/part of OR tumour
  • Sodium iodide I 131 (radioactive isotope of iodine that destroys thyroid cells)
33
Q

Hypothyroidism treatments:

A
  • Thyroxine sodium (T4, long-term therapy)

- Liothyronine sodium (T3, short-term therapy)

34
Q

Hypoparathyroidism treatments:

A
  • IV calcium salts
  • calcium supplements
  • Vitamin D administration
35
Q

Hyperparathyroidism treatments:

A
  • Surgery
  • Diuretics (promote excretion of excess calcium)
  • Calcitonin
  • Pamidronate disodium (reduces bone resorption of calcium)
  • Phosphate supplementation
36
Q

Hypopituitarism treatments:

A
  • Replacement of corticosteroids, thyroid and sex hormones
37
Q

Hyperpituitarism treatments:

A
  • Chemo, radiation, surgery
  • Bromocriptine (treats conditions associated with excess GH)
  • Cabergoline (dopamine agonist to inhibit excess prolactin production)
  • Octreotide (mimics somatostatin to inhibit insulin and glucagon)

NUR5111 (14 decks)

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