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General Physio/ANS > Haemostasis > Flashcards

Haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Haemostasis refers to the stoppage of bleeding.

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2
Q

Steps involved in Hemostasis

A

VPBGFR

Very Proud Boys Go For Rice

  • Vascular Spasm.
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Formation of blood clot and clot retraction.
  • Growth of fibrous tissue into the clot to form a permanent seal at the point of vessel damage.
  • Removal of excess fibrous tissue.
  • Repair of blood vessel endothelium.
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3
Q

Vascular spasm

A

After rupture, trauma to the vessel causes the smooth muscle in the wall to contract, instantaneously reducing blood flow from it

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4
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets, aka thrombocytes, are not cells but cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells called megakaryocytes, formed in the bone marrow.

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5
Q

Normal Platelet Count:

A

130,000 – 400,000 per microliter

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6
Q

What comes first platelet plug or blood clot?

A

Platelet plug

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7
Q

If a blood vessel cut is small, what seals it? Platelet plug or blood clot?

A

Platelet plug

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8
Q

How long does it take for a blood clot to begin to form after severe trauma to vessels?

A

15-20 seconds, for minor it’s 1 to 2 minutes

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9
Q

Clotting takes place in ___ steps

A

Three essential steps:

  1. Formation of a complex of activated substances called thromboplastin (prothrombin activator)
  2. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  3. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibers that enmesh platelets, blood cells and fibers to form clot
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10
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes blood clotting?

A

Thrombin

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11
Q

Functions of platelets

A

3 secretions, 1 formation, 1 dissolution

  1. Secretion of vasoconstrictors that cause vascular spasms in broken vessels
  2. Formation of temporary platelet plugs to stop bleeding
  3. Secretion of chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
  4. Secretion of growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and help maintain the linings of blood vessels
  5. Dissolution of blood clots that have outlast their usefulness
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12
Q

In what conditions are blood clotting factors in the blood on a normal day?

A

Inactive

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13
Q

When are blood clotting factors activated?

A
  • When a blood vessel is broken
  • When blood flow slows down.
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14
Q

How many clotting factors are there?

A

13

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15
Q

What are the blood clotting factors?

A

Fine Pastor Tolu Came Looking Nice Since All Christians Started Peeping His Face

  • Fibrinogen
  • Prothrombin
  • Tissue Thromboplastin
  • Calcium ions
  • Labile factor (Proaccelerin)
  • None
  • Stable factor
  • Antihaemophilic factor
  • Christmas Factor (or Plasma thromboplastin component).
  • Stuart-Prower factor
  • Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
  • Hageman Factor
  • Fibrin stabilizing factor
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16
Q

The work of the clotting factoesfactors

A

The sequential activation (reaction cascade) of the clotting factors finally leads to the formation of fibrin meshwork.

Blood cells are trapped in fibrin meshwork to form a hard clot.

17
Q

Examples of cogitation disorders

A

Thrombosis
Embolism
Infarction

18
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel.

19
Q

Thrombus

A

A clot that attaches to the wall of blood vessel.

20
Q

Embolus

A

A clot that comes off the wall of blood vessel and travel in the blood stream

21
Q

Embolism

A

The blockage of blood flow by an embolus that lodges in a small blood vessel

22
Q

Infarction

A

Cell death that results from embolism. Infarction is responsible for most strokes and heart attacks.

23
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency of clotting factors
Haemophilia

24
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Deficiency in the number of circulating platelets (<50,000/microlitre), causing spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body

25
Q

What causes deficiency of blood clotting factors?

A

Impaired liver function and Vitamin K deficiency

26
Q

Where are most of the blood clotting factors formed?

A

The liver

27
Q

Hemophilias

A

Hereditary bleeding disorders due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII in 85% of people and factor IX in 15%. It occurs in males while females are carriers, but never manifest the disease.

28
Q

The deficiency of which blood clotting factors cause hemophilia?

A

Anti-haemophilic factor

Christmas factor

29
Q

What is the difference between haemophilia and thrombocytopenia?

A

Haemophilia - Hereditary, Caused by absence of factor VIII, Bleeding from larger vessels

Thrombocytopenia - Caused by low platelet count, Bleeding from smaller venues and capillaries

30
Q

Which formed element is necessary for clot retraction?

A

Platelets

General Physio/ANS (8 decks)

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