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General Physio/ANS > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

The Autonomic System, a self-adjusting system, is the part of the NS that is responsible for homeostasis.

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2
Q

The ANS consists of…

A

…a system of neurons within the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions called the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

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3
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

The meeting point of two neurons

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4
Q

The ANS depends on the CNS to function properly. True or false?

A

False

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5
Q

Survival is possible without the ANS. True or false?

A

True.

Although survival is possible without an ANS, the ability to adapt to environmental stressors and other challenges is severely compromised

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6
Q

Function of the ANS

A

It regulates the activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. It controls visceral functions that occur below the level of consciousness.

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7
Q

Physiological properties of the AND

A
  • High speed of onset
  • Automatic nature
  • Tonic activity
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8
Q

The ANS supplies innervation to all organs except…

A

…the skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Structurally then ANS includes…

A
  1. Autonomic sensory neurons (afferents)
  2. Integrating centers in the CNS
  3. Autonomic motor neurons (efferents)
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10
Q

ANS Pathway for viscera system

A
  • Receptors
  • Afferents
  • Control Centres
  • Efferents
  • Effector organs
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11
Q

Which organs make up the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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12
Q

Nerve differences between ANS and SoNS

A

SoNS - One neuron involved in pathway
ANS - 2 neurons involved in automatic ganglion

SoNS - Effect of neuron is always excitation
ANS - Effect is either excitatory or Inhibitory

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13
Q

Explain the arrangement or pathway of the neurons in the ANS

A

The 2 neurons synapse such that the axon of the first leaves the CNS to synapse with the second whose axon extends to the effector in an autonomic ganglion

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14
Q

Properties of preganglionic (neuron #1)

A
  • Always myelinated

- Neurotransmitter is always ACh

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15
Q

All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Properties of postganglionic (neuron #2)

A
  • Always nonmyelinated

- Neurotransmitter is Ach or norepinephrine

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17
Q

The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neuron in the SNS is…

A

…norepinephrine

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18
Q

The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neuron in the PNS is…

A

…acetylcholine

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19
Q

The neurotransmitter of the preganglionic neuron in the SNS is…

A

…acetylcholine. It’s in the same in the PNS

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20
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in…

A

… the intermediolateral (IML) horn cells of the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar portions (T1 – L3/4) or lateral gray horns

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21
Q

What is the thoracolumbar portion of the ANS?

A

The SNS

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22
Q

Synapses or ganglia of neurons #1 and #2 in the SNS are in…

A

… a chain of ganglia that run alongside the spinal cord and extends on both sides of the vertebral column

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23
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglia carries…

A

…preganglionic fibers and cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

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24
Q

Routes of preganglionic axons

A
  • Cell bodies of neurons #1 lie in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
  • Axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord via the ventral root (VR)
  • These axons pass to the spinal nerve
  • Axons leave the spinal nerve via the white branches (rami communicantes)
  • Connect with the sympathetic chain ganglia and some end on cell bodies of postganglionic fibres
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25
Q

Axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord…

A

… via the ventral root

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26
Q

Axons leave the spinal nerve via…

A

…the white branches (rami communicantes)

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27
Q

3 possible routes that a preganglionic neuron entering the sympathetic chain can follow tor synapse

A
  • Synapses with cells within the ganglion at that level
  • Goes up or down the chain and synapses at some other level.
  • Does not synapse in the chain but exits and synapses in a collateral ganglion near a major blood vessel.
28
Q

After synapse with preganglionic neurons in the SNS, the postganglionic nerves leave the ganglion…

A

…at the level of the synapse via the gray ramus communicantes, and exits to the visceral effector.

29
Q

What is the collateral ganglion

A

Aka preverterbal ganglion, it is a homologue of vertebral ganglion found in the abdominal cavity near a major blood vessel

30
Q

What are the collateral ganglia?

A
  • Superior cervical
  • Celiac
  • Superior and inferior mesenteric
  • Aorticorenal
31
Q

The celiac ganglion inner area…

A

… the upper abdominal viscera

32
Q

Which collateral ganglion innervates the middle abdominal viscera?

A

Superior mesenteric

33
Q

The inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates the lower abdominal viscera. True or false?

A

True, and pelvic too

34
Q

The aorticorenal ganglion innervates…

A

… the pelvic plexus

35
Q

Why is synapse in the adrenal medulla unique?

A

The preganglionic fibres pass through the vertebral and collateral ganglia but do not synapse at either. Instead, they terminate in the adrenal medulla

36
Q

Only preganglionic neurons are in the medulla pathway. True or false?

A

True

37
Q

The medulla releases…

A

… norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) to blood

38
Q

Cholinergic neurons release…

A

…acetylcholine

39
Q

Adrenergic neurons release…

A

…Epi or Norepinephrine (Noradrenergic)

40
Q

What are the cholinergic neurons?

A
  • All preganglionic
  • All postganglionic in PNS
  • SNS postganglionic that innervate sweat glands and blood vessels
41
Q

All sympathetic postganglionic are adrenergic except…

A

…those that innervate blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and sweat glands

42
Q

Functions of SNS

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • Stimulates viscous salivation
  • Tachycardia and increased CO
  • Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle and reduced flow to skin and mesentary
  • Hair erection
  • Bronchorelaxation
  • Stimulates sweat glands
  • Decreased motility and secretion
43
Q

The SNS is responsible for bronchorelaxation. True or false?

A

True

44
Q

Effects of SNS

A
  • Increased glucose production, lipolysis and basal metabolic rate
  • Increased norepinephrine production
  • Relaxes urinary bladder
  • Constricts urinary sphincter
  • Stimulates ejaculation
  • Stimulates uterine contraction
45
Q

The SNS relaxes the bladder. True or false?

A

True

46
Q

What is convergence?

A

When many preganglionic inputs from the same or different segments converge on a single sympathetic ganglion or postganglionic neuron.

47
Q

Examples of sympathetic convergence

A

The heart

48
Q

What is divergence?

A

When preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate many postganglionic neurons in a given ganglion up to 3 or 4 segments up or down the chain

49
Q

The PNS is also referred to as the…

A

…craniosacral division

50
Q

The cell bodies of the PNS reside in…

A

…the brain stem (cranial nerves) or in the gray matter (sacral portion) of the spinal cord.

51
Q

Preganglionic neurons in the PNS exit the cranial region via…

A

…cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, & 10

52
Q

Preganglionic neurons in the PNS exit the spinal (sacral) region via…

A

…the sacral spinal nerves (S2 S3 S4)

53
Q

Which is longer in the PNS - preganglionic or postganglionic neurons?

A

Preganglionic

54
Q

Ganglia in the PNS are found…

A

…on, or near the visceral effector

55
Q

The cranial nerve fibers involved are in the PNS are…

A

… motor - they control smooth muscle & glands in the upper body.

56
Q

Cranial nerve #3 innervates the…

A

…lens & pupil

57
Q

Cranial nerve #7 innervates the…

A

…lacrimal glands, submandibular & submaxillary glands (salivary)
•Cranial nerve #9 – parotid gland (salivary)
•Cranial nerve #10 - viscera of thorax & abdomen

58
Q

Cranial nerve #9 innervates the…

A

…parotid gland (salivary)

59
Q

Cranial nerve #10 innervates the…

A

…viscera of thorax & abdomen

60
Q

Sacral nerves innervate the…

A

…kidneys, colon, & sex organs

61
Q

Neurotransmitters of the PNS

A

Both preganglionic and postganglionic are cholinergic

62
Q

Functions of the PNS

A

It prepares the individual for rest and repose. It is also called the rest and digest system

63
Q

Effects of parasympathetic stimulation

A
  • Stimulates release of bile
  • Dilates intestinal blood vessels
  • Contracts urinary bladder
  • Relaxes urinary sphincter- micturition
  • Stimulates penile erection
64
Q

Which part of the ANS stimulates penile erection?

A

PNS

65
Q

Effects of PNS on organs

A 
Constricts pupil (myosis)
Secretes tears
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Stimulates salivary glands to produce watery fluid
Stimulates digestion
66
Q

Nerve terminals of postganglionic neurons are located in…

A

…smooth muscle (eg, blood vessels, gut wall, urinary bladder), cardiac muscle, and glands (eg, sweat gland, salivary glands).

General Physio/ANS (8 decks)

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