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General Physio/ANS > Cells/Intro To PHG > Flashcards

Cells/Intro To PHG Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology is…

A

…the science that is concerned with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved, it is necessary for understanding disease processes

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2
Q

The goal of physiology is to…

A

…explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.

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3
Q

Cells vary in their shape, size, and arrangements but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function. True or false?

A

True

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4
Q

How many cells make up human body?

A

About 100 trillion

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5
Q

All human cells are microscopic in size, shape and function. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Size range of human cells

A

The diameter range from 7.5 micrometer (RBC) to 150 mm (ovum).

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7
Q

Water is largely present in fat cells. True or false?

A

False

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8
Q

What are the substances that make up the cell protoplasm?

A 
Water
Ions
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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9
Q

Importance of water in the cell

A

Solvent for cellular chemicals, for chemical reactions

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10
Q

Membranous structures of the cell

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Membranes of the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
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11
Q

What are the ions found in cells?

A

K, Mg, PO4, HCO3

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12
Q

Non-membranous structures of the cell

A 
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Fat globules
Glycogen granules
Secretory vesicles
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13
Q

Thickness of the cell membrane

A

7.5 to 10 nanometers thick

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14
Q

The cell membrane is semi-permeable. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

The cell membrane is made up of..

A

Lipids and Proteins

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16
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model

A

It is composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules (integral and peripheral) dispersed within it

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17
Q

Phospholipid molecules in lipid bilayer

A

phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylethanolamine

18
Q

Ratio of phospholipids to proteins in fluid mosaic model

A

50:1

19
Q

In eukaryotes, cell membranes also contain…

A

Glycosphingolipids
Sphingomyelin
Cholesterol

20
Q

Parts of the fluid mosaic model

A

The surfaces of the membrane are “hydrophilic” due to the polar phosphate heads;

b. The internal portion of the membrane is “hydrophobic” due to the non-polar fatty acid tails; the membrane is thus described as being amphipathic.
c. The membrane proteins also have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

21
Q

Why is the membrane is described as being amphipathic?

A

It contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

22
Q

The lipid layer in the middle of the membrane is permeable to the usual water-soluble substances. True or false?

A

False. It is impermeable

23
Q

What can permeate the middle of the cell membrane?

A

Fat-soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol

24
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • Boundary
  • Markers for identification
  • Transport
  • Houses proteins
25
Q

What forms the thin continuous non-polar barrier into the cell?

A

The hydrophobic part

26
Q

The cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane helps to…

A

…determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble constituents of the body fluids

27
Q

Types of membrane proteins

A

Integral

Peripheral

28
Q

Proteins contained in the basal lamina and ECM

A 
Collagens
Lamini
Fibronectin
Tenascin
Various proteoglycans
29
Q

Functions of proteins contained in the basal lamina and ECM

A

They hold cells together, regulate their development, and determine their growth.

30
Q

Membrane carbohydrates are referred to as

A

Glycocalyx

31
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

Act as identification markers, gives cell negative charge, cell to cell attachment, receptors

32
Q

Glycocalyx exists as

A

Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Proteoglycans

33
Q

The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix of…

A

water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases

34
Q

Fluid around the organelles is called

A

Cytosol

35
Q

Most of the cells metabolic reactions occur in the

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

RER function

A

Protein synthesis and intraceluar transportation of molecules

37
Q

Functions of SER

A

Cholesterol synthesis
Stores calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscles)
Site of detoxification processes in other cells

38
Q

Golgi apparatus are common in…

A

Secretory cells

39
Q

What processes substances from ER to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles etc?

A

Golgi

40
Q

Golgi main function

A

Modification, Packaging, and Transport of proteins

General Physio/ANS (8 decks)

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