Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Physio/ANS > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Shape and dimension of RBC

A

7.5um diameter, 2.0um thickness

Biconcave disc shape, which is suited for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reason for biconcave shape

A

The shape is flexible so that RBCs can pass though the smallest blood vessels, i.e., capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structure of RBC

A

Primary cell content is hemoglobin, no nucleus nor mitochondria to aid functionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Haemogbobin consists of

A

Globin and Heme pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Globin consists of…

A

… 2 alpha and 2 beta or gamma subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HBF

A

In foetuses, alpha and games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HBA

A

In adults, alpha and beta subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each globin subunit binds to…

A

…a heme group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Each heme group consists of:

A

An atom of Fe, which binds reversibly with one oxygen molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many molecules of oxygen does a haemoglobin unit carry?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Haemoglobin content relative to age

A

It reduces with unceasing age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deoxygenate haemoglobin

A

CO binding to heme instead of oxygen, since it has higher affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solution to deoxygenate haemoglobin

A

Hyperbaric oxygen chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • bound with oxygen
  • red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A
  • free of oxygen
  • dark red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

20% of carbon dioxide in the blood binds to the globin part of hemoglobin, which is called carbamino-hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

Update

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

A

Update

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration

A

Update

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Colour Index

A

Update

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of erythrocytes

A
  • Transport of oxygen as carbon IV oxide

- Buffer for body pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

The process through which whole red blood is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All blood cells, including red and white, are produced in…

A

…the red bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many blood cells are produced daily?

A

On average, one ounce, or 100 billion blood cells, are made each day.

26
Q

What is the red bone marrow?

A

The red bone marrow is a network of reticular connective tissue that borders on wide blood capillaries called blood sinusoids.

27
Q

Steps in erythropoiesis

A 
Haemocytoblast
Proerythroblast
Erythoblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
28
Q

Erythropoiesis stem cell

A

Haemocytoblast

29
Q

Erythropoiesis committed cell

A

Proerythrocyte

30
Q

Erythropoiesis precursor cells

A

Erythroblast
Normoblast
Retiulocyte

31
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in children?

A

Literally all bones, till about age 5

32
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults

A

Membranous bones such as:

  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Vertebrae
  • Ilia
33
Q

The goal of erythropoiesis regulation…

A
  1. Adequate supply of RBCs for sufficient oxygen transport

2. Control over excess production

34
Q

What controls erythropoiesis?

A

Renal oxygen content; the amount of oxygen transported to tissues in relation to tissue demand for oxygen

35
Q

Principal stimulus for erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

36
Q

Causes of renal blood oxygen drop

A
  • Reduced numbers of red blood cells due to hemorrhage or excess RBC destruction
  • High altitudes or during pneumonia causing low oxygen supply
  • Aerobics and exercise causing increased oxygen demand
37
Q

Legal ways to increase RBC count in sports

A

By training athletes at high altitude

38
Q

Illegal ways to increase RBC count in sports

A

Use erythropoietin, androgen, or their analogs

39
Q

Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

A

Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic acid

40
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

A

Anaemia

Polycythemia

41
Q

Anaemia

A

A condition in which the blood has an abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity.

42
Q

Causes of anaemia

A
  • Insufficient number of red blood cells
  • Decreased hemoglobin content
  • Abnormal hemoglobin
43
Q

Types of anaemia which are caused by genetic defects

A

Thalassemia

Sickle-cell anemia

44
Q

Polycythemia

A

An abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases the viscosity of the blood, causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly.

45
Q

Common causes of polycythemia

A
  • Bone marrow cancer
  • Reduced availability of oxygen as at high altitudes
46
Q

The average lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days

47
Q

Erythrocytes can metabolize glucose and form ATP. True or false?

A

True

48
Q

What happens to the metabolic systems of erythrocytes with age?

A

They become progressively less active.

49
Q

Where do weak RBCs rupture?

A

The spleen; it happens as they pass through a tight spot of circulation here

50
Q

Aftermath of haemolysis

A

The RBCS…

  • They release haemoglobin
  • Haemoglobin is phagocytosis by macrophages
  • Macrophages release iron and pass it back to blood and convert Porphyrin portion of haemoglobin to bilirubin
  • Blood uses iron for haematopoiesis and stores some in liver
  • Bilirubin is released into blood and removed by secretion through liver into bile m
51
Q

Abnormal haemoglobin condition called haemoglobinpathies

A

Genetic disorder caused by abnormal polypeptide chains of haemoglobin such as Haemoglobin S, C, E, M (Methomoglobin)

52
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A yellowish pigmentation of the skin and sclera of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

53
Q

Normal bilirubin level in adults

A

0.3mg/dl to 1mg/dl

54
Q

Which bilirubin level typically results in jaundice?

A

2mg/dl

55
Q

Causes of jaundice or high unconjugated bilirubin

A
  • Excess RBC breakdown
  • Large bruises
  • Starvation
  • Thyroid problems
56
Q

High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to…

A
  • Liver diseases
  • Infections
  • Medication
  • Blocked bile duct
57
Q

Types of jaundice

A

Hepatic
Haemolytic
Obstructive

58
Q

Hepatic jaundice

A

Caused by diseases of the liver resulting in ineffective filtering of bilirubin from blood

59
Q

Haemolytic jaundice

A

Caused by accelerated breakdown of RBC leading to increased bilirubin production

60
Q

Obstructive jaundice

A

Caused by obstruction of liver ducts, preventing bilirubin from leaving liver

61
Q

Jaundice in newborn

A

It is physiological because of increased haemolysis, accompanied by increased erythropoiesis as a result of physiological hypoxia. Typically resolved within 2 weeks.

General Physio/ANS (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions