Haemoptysis and lung cancer (Hosp 2)

Question 1

What are the causes of haemoptysis by system?

Answer 1

Cardiac

1) Cardiogenic shock
2) Vasculitis
3) Mitral stenosis

Respiratory

1) PE
2) Lung cancer
3) Infection (TB, pneumonia)
4) Bronchiectasis
5) Foreign body
6) Pulmonary hypertension
7) Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 2

What occurs in a PET scan?

Answer 2

Injection of a radioactive marker attached to a glucose analogue.
This is then taken up to metabolically active processes (EG: cancer).

Question 3

What is mediastinoscopy?

Answer 3

A procedure that enables visualisation of the contents of the mediastinum, usually for the purpose of obtaining biopsy.
It is often used for staging of lymph nodes in lung cancer.

Question 4

What is name of a malignant tumour derived from mesenchyme?

Answer 4

Sarcoma

Question 5

The presence of keratin (pink staining) indicates the cancer is….

Answer 5

A squamous cell carcinoma

Question 6

What is dysplasia?

Answer 6

Pre-cancerous

Abnormality in growth or differentiation

Question 7

What types of lung cancer do smokers typically get?

Answer 7

Small cell carcinoma
OR
Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 8

What are the 4 common types of lung cancer?

Answer 8

1) Small cell carcinoma –> worse prognosis
2) Adenocarcinoma
3) Squamous cell carcinoma
4) Large cell carcinoma (no differentiation)

Question 9

Small cell carcinomas may be associated with hyponatraemia because…

Answer 9

Small cell carcinomas may produce inappropriate secretion of ADH.

Question 10

What histological features are required to make a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the lung?

Answer 10

1) Intercellular prickles

2) Keratin

Question 11

The expression of mucin indicates what type of carcinoma?

Answer 11

Adenocarcinoma