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Haematology and Transfusion Science > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

From which cells do the lineages originate from?

A

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid lineages. SPECIALISED CELLS.

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2
Q

What types of cells do the myeloid lineage give rise to?

A

Erthyrocytes

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3
Q

What types of cells do the lymphoid lineage give rise to?

A

The T and B lymphocytes

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4
Q

What do progenitor cells give rise to?

A

These arise from stem cells in the marrow, these give rise to precursor cells.

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5
Q

What cells do the hematopoietic stem cells consist of ?

A

Lymphoid and myeloid

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6
Q

What are the stains used on bone marrow?

A

Eosin and haematoxylin.

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7
Q

What are the three levels of proliferation - differentiation :

A

Stem cell - lineage commitment
Progenitor cell - proliferation
Precursor cell - differentiation - end cell type

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8
Q

What do lymphoid lineages pertain to?

A

Lymphocytes or lymph nodes

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9
Q

What do myeloid lineages give rise to?

A

Multipotent myeloid stem cell can give rise to all myeloid cells; erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets.

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10
Q

What is a CFU?

A

This is a colony forming unit, a progenitor cell which can give rise to a colony of cells on an in vtro culture.

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11
Q

What is a CSF?

A

This is a colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin in the kidney helps the growth factors for RBC production.

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12
Q

What is CFU-E?

A

This is an erythroid progenitor cell that can give rise to erythroid cells (RBC) when cultured in vitro

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13
Q

What is BFU-E?

A

This is a burst forming unit erythroid, gives rise to a number of erythroid colony forming units.

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14
Q

What are the three different assays employed for the haemopoietic stem cell and progenitor cells?

A

CFU-C culture assay
LTCIC Long Term initiating assay
Repopulation assay

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15
Q

What is an example of a nutrient source for cell cultures?

A

Foetal bovine serum

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16
Q

What are cytokines and what 3 types of cytokines?

A

Cytokines are messengers within the immune system and other systems which regulate the processes such as haemopoiesis, inflam response and wound healing.
Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons

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17
Q

What is an interleukin?

A

This is a cytokine which is secreted by one type of leukocyte that has an effect mainly on other leukocytes.

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18
Q

What are the three stages in life in which hematopoiesis occurs?

A

(2-3w) Embryo- Mesoblastic
(2-7m) Hepatosplenic
Adult - Myeloid

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19
Q

In the mesoblastic phase, where is the initial site of the formation of blood cells?

A

In the yolk sac, a piece of embryonic tissue.

In a zone called the AREA VASCULOSA, this is where blood vessels are found.

20
Q

What are the names of the primitive haemoglobin formed in the mesoblastic phase of haemopoiesis?

A

Gower and Portland

21
Q

What is H A composed of?

A

4 heme molecule attached to a globin chain, 2 alpha and 2 beta. All the globin chains are sequences of amino acids 141.

22
Q

What is produced during the hepatosplenic haemopoiesis phase?

A

Foetal haemoglobin, mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the spleen. Major organs are being developed.

23
Q

What type of haemoglobin is produced during the myeloid phase of hematopoiesis and where?

A

H A, in the marrow. 96% of the H in adults is A.

24
Q

What is the ratio of fat cells to the hematopoietic cells in a normal healthy adult of 20 ?

A

1:1

25
Q

How many blood cells are produced in the marrow each day in a young healthy adult?

A

5-10 x10^11 blood cells

26
Q

What are three of the main factors which H is regulated by?

A

Growth factors - erythropoietin - kidney
Cytokines
Environmental factors - altitude.

27
Q

What is the lifespan of granulocytes (phils)?

A

Hours

28
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes (cytes)?

A

Months

29
Q

What can trigger an increase in blood cell production?

A

Blood loss, infection - CFU triggered, more granulocytes.

30
Q

Are there many stem cells made in the total marrow production?

A

No, only between 0.01 - 0.05%

31
Q

What produces progenitor cells?

A

Pluripotent stem cells.

32
Q

What two types can progenitor cells be?

A

Multipotent (mixed) or unipotent.

33
Q

What is GCSF?

A

This is a growth factor for granulocytes - similar function to erythropoietin. Involved in the development of the neutrophil.

34
Q

What is TPO?

A

This is thrombopoietin, it affects the rate of the production of platelets - leading to CFU including megakaryocytes which give rise to platelets.

35
Q

What is the development of interleukin 5?

A

Neutrophil colony stimulating factor.

36
Q

What are stem cells responsible for?

A

For regeneration of cells.

37
Q

What is an example of stem cell transplant therapy?

A

Myeloablative therapy

38
Q

Which part of a pregnant woman’s body is a rich source of stem and progenitor cells? How it it stored?

A

The umbilical cord blood, at -70C in liquid nitrogen.

39
Q

What cellular markers are on stem cells?

A

CD34 cell markers.

40
Q

What type of proteins are H growth factors?

A

They are glycoprotein hormones that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the H progenitor cells and the function of the mature rbc.

41
Q

What is VEGF and what does it do?

A

This is vascular endothelial growth factor and is a signaling protein that promotes the growth of new blood vessels.

42
Q

What is an example of cell proliferation during a life stage?

A

H during the intrauterine life.

Adulthood is steady state of cell production.

43
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle ?

A

G0 (rest), G1 (replication), S (DNA Double), G2 (organelles are copied and c volume increases)

44
Q

How can H growth factors be produced?

A

Through recombinant DNA techniques, used in the treatment of patients with cytopenias.

45
Q

What 2 growth factors can be used to treat leucopenia and which white blood cell is most greatly affected?

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF, neutrophils are the most affected.

46
Q

What can be used in treating of patients with anaemia?

A

EPO

47
Q

What is the principle of stem cell harvesting machines?

A

To push stem cells from the marrow into the peripheral blood from where the machine can then harvest the stem cells from.

Haematology and Transfusion Science (18 decks)

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