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MEH > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by kidney, stimulates RBC production

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2
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Produced by liver and kidney, regulates production of platelets

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3
Q

Haemopoietic stem cells

A

Capable of self-renewal, can be used in bone marrow transplants

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4
Q

Haemoglobin configurations

A

Oxyhaemoglobin - relaxed binding structure
Deoxyhaemoglobin - tight binding structure

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5
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Tetramer of 2 pairs of globin chains each with its own haem group

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6
Q

RBC cell membrane

A

Changes in the components of the cell membrane result in changes in RBC shape, causing them to become more fragile, spleen recognises abnormal cells and removes from circulation

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7
Q

Bilirubin

A

Broken down from haem, uncojugated bilirubin is transported in the blood bound to albumin, causes yellow appearance in jaundice

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8
Q

Stercobilin

A

bilirubin -> urobilinogen -> stercobilin
results in brown appearance of faeces

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9
Q

Urobilin

A

Urobilinogen absorbed into blood and transported to kidneys, oxidised to urobilin and excreted in urine giving yellow colour

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10
Q

G-CSF

A

A growth factor which: causes maturation of neutrophils, increases their production, enhances chemotaxis, enhances phagocytosis

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11
Q

Neutropenia consequences

A

Severe life-threatening bacterial/fungal infection

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12
Q

Causes of reduced production of neutrophils (neutropenia)

A

B12 deficiency, radiation, drugs, viral infection

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13
Q

Causes of increased removal or use of neutrophils (neutropenia)

A

Immune destruction by antibodies, sepsis (rapid migration to tissues, marrow unable to synthesise enough to maintain numbers)

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

Circulate for 1-3 days before differentiating into macrophages or dendritic cells

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15
Q

Causes of monocytosis

A

Bacterial infection, carcinoma

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Responsible for immune response against multicellular parasites, mediator of allergic responses, granules contain cytotoxic proteins

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17
Q

Common causes of eosinophilia

A

Allergies, skin disease, parasitic infection, drug hypersensitivity

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Least common, active in allergic reactions, large and dense granules containing histamine, granules stain deep blue to purple

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19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells for humoral immunity
T cells for cellular immunity
Natural killer cells for cell mediated cytotoxicity

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20
Q

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

A

Part of the immune system and made up of monocytes in blood and a network of tissues which contain phagocytic cells

21
Q

Role of reticuloendothelial system

A

Remove dead or damaged cells and identify and destroy foreign netizens in blood and tissues. The main organs are the spleen and liver.

22
Q

Functions of spleen in adults

A

Removal of old/abnormal RBC by macrophages, rapidly mobilising RBC and platelets during bleeding (blood pooling),

23
Q

Why might the spleen grow?

A

Expanding as infiltrated by cells (cancer cells of blood), portal hypertension in liver disease

24
Q

Examination of spleen

A

Feel for spleen edge moving towards your hand

25
Q

Hyposplenism

A

Lack of functioning splenic tissue, may be due to rupture, sickle cell disease, patients are at risk of sepsis from encapsulated bacteria

26
Q

Using reference ranges for blood samples

A

Results outside the range (95%) are abnormal, normal range changes with: age, sex

27
Q

What can be the the cause of abnormal haematology results

A

Specimen mix up, specimen delayed, wrong test

28
Q

The full blood count

A

Uses K-EDTA anticoagulated, stops blood coagulation, the analyser is a closed system which is easy to maintain and able to cope with high numbers of samples

29
Q

Spectophotometry

A

Amount of light absorbed by a sample proportional to the amount of absorbent compound within it, used to measure amount of haemoglobin, use calibration curve to determine sample conc

30
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Single file line of cells pass through light beam, more scatter = bigger cell

31
Q

Haematocrit

A

Proportion of blood that is made up of RBC, polycythemia is elevated haematocrit

32
Q

Red cell count

A

Number of RBC in given volume of blood

33
Q

Red cell distribution width

A

Variation in size of the RBC, helps to assess cause and timeline of anaemia

34
Q

What happens if there is an abnormal full blood count result?

A

The sample is flagged for attention

35
Q

Blood film

A

Smear of blood on a slide to be viewed under microscope

36
Q

microcytic

A

small RBC

37
Q

Macrocytic

A

Large RBC

38
Q

Hypochromic

A

Pale, less Hb

39
Q

Hyperchromic

A

Dense, more Hb

40
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Spherical RBC

41
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

Elliptical RBC

42
Q

Acanthocytes

A

Spiculated (spiky) cells

43
Q

Schistocytes

A

Red cell fragments

44
Q

Target cells

A

Looks like bullseye

45
Q

Blister cells

A

Have a blister, empty pocket at the edge, can be a sign of G6PD deficiency or haemolysis

46
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

DNA/nuclear fragments

47
Q

Defects in haemoglobin synthesis

A

Iron deficiency can lead to not enough iron to make haem. Mutations in genes encoding globin proteins can also be a cause.

48
Q

Reduced or dysfunctional erythropoesis

A

Kidney stops making erythropoietin, which usually binds to receptors on erythroblasts in bone cells and stimulates red cell production

MEH (6 decks)

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