Diet and Metabolism

Question 1

Catabolic process definition

Answer 1

Break down molecules to RELEASE energy in the form of a reducing power. It is an oxidative process.

Question 2

Anabolic process definition

Answer 2

Builds larger molecules and USES energy. It is a reduction process.

Question 3

Energy definition

Answer 3

The capacity to do work

Question 4

1 calorie is actually…

Answer 4

1 kilocalorie or 4.2 kJ

Question 5

Carbohydrates have

Answer 5

• General formula (CH2O)n
• an aldehyde or ketone group
• Multiple -OH groups

Question 6

Monosaccharides are

Answer 6

single sugar units with 3-9 C-atoms

Question 7

Oligosacchairdes have

Answer 7

3-12 sugar units (example: dextrins)

Question 8

Polysaccharides

Answer 8

have 10-1000s of sugar units

Question 9

9 essential amino acids

Answer 9

• can’t be synthesised and must be obtained from diet
• If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable
• Isoleucine, leucine, threonine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine

Question 10

Lipids are composed of…

Answer 10

triacylglycerols (three fatty acids esterifed to one glycerols

Question 11

Why do lipid release more energy than carbs or proteins when oxidised?

Answer 11

Lipids contain much less oxygen as they are more reduced

Question 12

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 12

Lipids are required for absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K from the gut

Question 13

Lipids provide…

Answer 13

essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids which can not be synthesised in the body)

Question 14

Calcium is essential for…

Answer 14

• Structure of bones and teeth
• Signalling

Question 15

Trace minerals

Answer 15

Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Zinc

Question 16

Electrolytes

Answer 16

Sodium, potassium, chlorine

Question 17

Why is fibre important?

Answer 17

It can not be broken down as humans do not have the enzymes to break down the beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is essential for normal functioning of the GI tract

Question 18

Examples of dietary fibre

Answer 18

Cellulose, lignin, pectin, gums

Question 19

Dietary Reference Values (DRVs)

Answer 19

A series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population

Question 20

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI)

Answer 20

Bottom 2.5% requirement of certain group. Intakes below this are usually insufficient for most people.

Question 21

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Answer 21

Average requirement of a group

Question 22

Reference Nutritional Intake (RNI)

Answer 22

Used for protein, vitamins and minerals. This is the 97.5th percentile. Many people will need less than this.

Question 23

Daily energy expenditure

Answer 23

Sum of basal metabolic rate (BMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and physical activity level

Question 24

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 24

Chemical reactions maintaining resting activities of the body - depends on factors like gender and body size

Question 25

Obesity

Answer 25

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health. It is associated with some cancers, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Question 26

BMI values for each group

Answer 26

Underweight: <18.5
Desirable weight: 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight: 25 - 29.9
Obese: 30 - 34.9
Severely obese: >35

Question 27

Alternative to BMI

Answer 27

Waist to hip ratio as more upper body fat is associated with increased risk of premature death, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance