Haematuria

Question 1

What types of haematuria are there?

Answer 1

Visible and non-visible (can be symptomatic or asymptomatic).

Question 2

What are the causes of haematuria?

Answer 2

VITAMIN D:
V – Sickle cell, coagulation disorder.
I – UTI, TB, prostatitis.
T – Catheter, foreign body, calculi.
A – Glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture’s syndrome.
M
I – Catheter, previous surgery.
N – Renal, bladder, prostate, endometrial cancer.
D – NSAIDs, sulphonamides.
+ - menstrual bleeding, beetroot, exercise-induced.

Question 3

When should you refer to renal and not urology for haematuria?

Answer 3

Hypertension, proteinuria, renal mass.

Question 4

What investigations should be undertaken for non-visible haematuria?

Answer 4

Plasma creatinine and eGFR.
Send urine off for protein:creatinine.
Further investigations:
Measure BP. 
USS.
Cystoscopy.
Renal angiography.

Question 5

If nothing is found on referral, what do patients need yearly monitoring of?

Answer 5

LUTs.
Blood pressure.
eGFR.
Proteinuria.