haematuria

Question 1

what features are associated with microscopic haematuria?

Answer 1

smoking history
occupational exposure to chemicals or dyes history of gross haematuria
age > 40 years
history of urologic disorder or disease history of voiding symptoms
history of urinary tract infection analgesic abuse

Question 2

what are some causes of haematuria?

Answer 2

urethritis
prostatitis
cystitis
ureteritis
pyelonephritis
glomerulonephritis

Question 3

why do tumours bleed?

Answer 3

formation of new blood vessels

increased the blood vessels density in the tumour

abnormal vessels, which bleed more easily

Question 4

what are the symptoms of penile cancer?

Answer 4

itching/burning under foreskin
red/indurated area
mass/lump/nodule
growth/ulcer

can sometimes present with haematuria

Question 5

what may cause red contamination in urine thats not haematuria?

Answer 5

myoglobin in urine e.g. in rhabdomyolysis or mcardle syndrome

Question 6

what are the most common causes of haematuria in children?

Answer 6

UTI, trauma, and perineal irritation

can also be chronic conditions such as sickle cell disease, malignancy etc.

Question 7

when would you refer a patient with haematuria to urology?

Answer 7

all patients with visible haematuria (any age) all patients with s-NVH (any age)
all patients with a-NVH aged ≥40 yrs

Question 8

when would you refer a patient with haematuria to nephrology?

Answer 8

evidence of declining renal function chronic kidneys disease (eGFR <30ml/min) significant proteinuria
isolated haematuria with hypertension in aged <40 visible haematuria coinciding with intercurrent infection