bladder and prostate cancer Flashcards
what zone of the prostate produces 70% of prostate cancer?
peripheral zones
what are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
usually asymptomatic
what zone of the prostate is the origin of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
transitional zone
what test can diagnose prostate cancer?
prostate biopsy using ultrasound to locate sample. usually do multiple biopsies at once
what are the 5 zones of the prostate?
fibromuscular stroma
transitional zone
peripheral zone
central zone
seminal vesicles
where does prostate cancer commonly metastasise to?
bone
what are the radiological treatment options for prostate cancer?
external beam radiotherapy
brachytherapy - radioactive seeds placed in the prostate
what is the hormonal treatment for metastatic prostate cancer?
anti-androgens
LHRH (GnRH)-agonists
after a few years the cancer may become hormone resistant
what is the most common type of bladder cancer?
transitional cell carcinoma
what are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
Tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to aromatic and heterocyclic amines, male sex and probably chronic bladder infections
what is a very common urinary finding in bladder cancer?
haematuria
what investigations should you do in someone with haematuria and risk of bladder cancer (e.g. above 50)?
CT-urogram
flexible cytoscpy
what finding would suggest bladder cancer on flexible cystoscopy?
cauliflower appearance of the bladder
how do you determine how high risk a bladder cancer is?
transurethral resection
how do you treat muscle invasive bladder cancer?
radical cystectomy - removal of whole bladder and nearby lymph nodes
if they are unfit for surgery or don’t want a stoma like bag can try external beam radiotherapy
