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renal > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are in the abdomen (retroperitoneal)?

A

kidneys & proximal ureters

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2
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are in the pelvis?

A

distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

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3
Q

what part of the urinary tract is in the perineum?

A

distal urethra

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4
Q

what are the layers surrounding the kidney from deep to superficial?

A

renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal (deep) fascia
paranephric fat
visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

where are the kidneys in the body?

A

anterior to quadratus lumborum & lateral to psoas major

they lie lateral to the lower thoracic/upper lumbar vertebra; bodies

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6
Q

which kidney sits higher?

A

left- liver means right kidney is located inferior to left

left is at T12-L2
right is at L1-L3

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7
Q

what regions and quadrants are the kidneys located in?

A

flanks (right and left upper quadrants)

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8
Q

what structures is the right kidney posterior to?

A

the liver (& hepatorenal recess)
the (2nd part of the) duodenum
the ascending colon
right colic flexure

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9
Q

what structures is the left kidney posterior to?

A

stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of the spleen
splenic vessels

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10
Q

where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?

A

lumbar lymph nodes

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11
Q

where does lymph from the ureters drain to?

A

lumbar and iliac nodes

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12
Q

how does urine drain from the kidney?

A

collecting duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

tubes widen as it progresses and then ureter is thinner

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13
Q

what are the 3 sites of ureteric constriction?

A
  1. pelviureteric junction
  2. ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
  3. ureteric orifice

kidneys stones could potentially get stuck at each of these sites

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14
Q

what do renal calculi (stones) form from?

A

urine calcium salts

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15
Q

what is the urinary tract’s response to urteter obstruction / compression?

A
  • increased peristalsis proximal to the site of the obstruction in an attempt to remove it (flush it into the bladder)
  • as peristalsis comes in waves, a patient with a ureteric obstruction tends to experience pain that “comes and goes” (“colicky”)
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16
Q

what happens as a result of urine back pressure?

A

hydronephrosis (water in the kidney) leading to kidney failure

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17
Q

where does the pelvic floor lie between?

A

true pelvis and perineum

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18
Q

why are there openings in the pelvic floor?

A

to allow distal parts of alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts to pass through from pelvic cavity into the perineum

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19
Q

name a pelvic floor muscle

A

levator ani

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20
Q

describe the pathway of the ureters

A

The ureters pass anterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis

They run anteriorly (along the lateral walls of the pelvis)

At the level of the ischial spine, they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

this route is sub peritoneal

they then enter the posterior bladder wall in an inferomedial direction preventing urine reflux

21
Q

what does the term ‘water under the bridge’ mean?

A

the ureter runs inferiorly to uterine tubes / vas deferens

22
Q

what 3 structures form the trigone of the bladder?

A

2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

23
Q

what feature is present in only the male bladder?

A

around the neck of the male bladder, the detrusor muscle forms the internal urethral sphincter muscle which contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

24
Q

what are the 2 methods of catheterisation?

A

urethral or suprapubic

25
Q

when should you insert a suprapubic catheter?

A

when the bladder is full to avoid piercing the peritoneal cavity

26
Q

what are the contents of the spermatic cord

A

testicular artery, testicular vein, vas deferens, lymphatic vessels draining testis, nerves (autonomic for smooth muscle of vas) and somatic (for cremaster muscle)

27
Q

what do the testes sit inside within the scrotum?

A

tunica vaginalis

28
Q

what is excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis called?

A

hydrocele

29
Q

what is the contents of the right spermatic cord?

A

the vas deferens, testicular artery & pampiniform plexus

30
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the testis?

A

r & l testicular arteries, l renal vein

r & l testicular veins

testicular arteries and veins pass through inguinal ring

31
Q

where is the epidiymis palpated?

A

the posterior aspect of the testis: its proximal end (the head) is located at the posterior aspect of the superior pole of the testis

32
Q

where is the vas deferens palpated?

A

within the spermatic cord; within the scrotum, superior to the testis; it feels like a thick piece of string

33
Q

what opening do you see running along either side of the prostatic urethra?

A

prostatic ducts

34
Q

what are the regions of the prostate gland?

A

2 peripheral zones
central zone (internal)
prostatic urethra

35
Q

what is the arterial supply of the penis?

A

deep arteries of the penis; branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)

36
Q

what is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

internal pudendal artery - external & internal iliac artery branches

37
Q

what type of nerves carry sensory information from organs to CNS?

A

visceral afferent

38
Q

what type of nerves carry sensations from the body wall to CNS?

A

somatic sensory

39
Q

what type of nerves carry motor responses from the CNS to the body wall?

A

somatic motor

40
Q

what type of nerves carry motor responses from the CNS to the organs?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres

41
Q

where to sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?

A

between T10 and L2
do not synapse- synapse at abdominal sympathetic ganglia

42
Q

what cranial nerves so parasympathetic fibres leave the CNS via?

A

III, VII, IX & X

43
Q

what cranial nerve carries parasympathetic nerve fibres to kidneys and ureters?

A

CN X

44
Q

what is the only part of the CNS which will receive innervation from somatic nerves?

A

parts on the body wall (perineum)

45
Q

where is pain from the (perineal part of the) urethra usually felt?

A

quite localised in the perineum

46
Q

where is pain from the bladder usually felt?

A

suprapubic region, in the midline

47
Q

where is pain from the kidney usually felt?

A

the ‘loin’ - posterior spect of flank on affected side

48
Q

where is pain from a calculus obstructing the ureter usually felt?

A

‘loin to groin’ on affected side

renal (23 decks)

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