Haematopoiesis and Blood cells

Question 1

1. The liquid of the blood is called the _______. Blood production is called _____________. In an adult this occurs in the ___ _____ of the ____ skeleton. Blood cells are derived from _________.
2. What cells produce Platelets?

Answer 1

1. Serum, Haematopoiesis, Bone Marrow, Axial skeleton, Stem cells.
2. Megakaryocytes

Question 2

1. Neutrophils are identified by their ________ nucleus. They act as ________ and are increased by body stress e.g. ______, ______ and ________.
2. Eosinophils are identified by their _______ nucleus and their ___ granules. They fight _____ infections and are elevated in people with ______.
3. Basophils are identified by their _____ granules which obscure the ______.
4. Monocytes are immature _________. They are identified by their large single nucleus and ______ in the cytoplasm
5. Lymphocytes are identified by their _______ which dominates the cell leaving minimal cytoplasm.

Answer 2

1. Multilobed, phagocytes, infection, infarction, trauma
2. Bilobed, red, parasitic, allergic
3. purple, nucleus.
4. Macrophage, vacuoles
5. Nucleus

Question 3

1. How are the primitive precursors of the haematopoietic tree identified?
2. Identify a common site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
3. A Core bone marrow biopsy can be taken with a ________ _______.

Answer 3

1. Immunophenotyping and bioassays
2. Posterior-iliac crests.
3. Jamshidi Needle

Question 4

1. Red blood cells are full of ________ to carry oxygen. They have no _______ or _______. They have a high ______ _____ to _____ ratio. They are also flexible to pass through capillaries.
2. Red blood cell production is called _________ and the process is regulated by __________. When the kidneys detect _______ they release _______ which increases __________.

Answer 4

1. Haemoglobin, nucleus or mitochondria, surface area to volume ratio.
2. Erythropoiesis, Erythropoietin, hypoxia, erythropoietin, erythropoiesis.

Question 5

Red cell destruction normally occurs in _____(and liver) - average red cell lifespan ____ days
Aged red cells taken up by _________ i.e. taken out of the circulation
Red cell contents are recycled
______ chains recycled to amino acids
______ group broken down to iron and bilirubin
______ taken to liver and conjugated
Then excreted in ____

Answer 5

Spleen, 120 days, macrophages, Globin, Heme, Bilirubin, Urine

Question 6

1. Because red cells have no mitochondria they only produce ATP by ________. The presence of _____ prevents the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+.
2. _______ (GSH) protects red blood cells from the free radical __________ _______ by forming water and ______ _______ ______ (GSSG)

Answer 6

1. Glycolysis, NADH

2. Glutathione, Hydrogen peroxide, Oxidised Glutathione Product.

Question 7

1. Oxygen binding to a haem gives a _______ curve. Successive binding of ______ makes it easier for the next _______ to bind. This is called __________ binding.
2. Foetal haemoglobin shows higher ________ _________ than adult haemoglobin. Myoglobin has even higher because it only binds to one oxygen.

Answer 7

1. Sigmoidal, Oxygen, Oxygen, Cooperative Binding.

2. Oxygen Saturation.

Question 8

1. Oxyhaemoglobin saturation is increased by _______ pH, _______ BPG and __________ temperature. It is decreased by ________ pH, _________ BPG and __________ temperature.

Answer 8

1. Increased, Decreased, decreased. Decreased, Increased, Increased.

Question 9

1. -cytosis/-phlia?
2. -penia?
3. Cellular mechanisms generating red cells?
4. Red blood cells after first few days from production?
5. Erythropoietin stimulates this?

Answer 9

1. Increased cell count
2. Decreased cell count
3. Erythron
4. Reticulocytes
5. Erythroid Hyperplasia (increased erythron)