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Blood Science > Haematopoies And Introduction To Blood Cells > Flashcards

Haematopoies And Introduction To Blood Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood

A

-Blood is a special type of fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm
-bright red In arteries and dark in veins
-ph=7.35-7.45
-38c
-3x more viscous than water
-5-6L

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2
Q

Blood composition

A

1)plasma

• Least dense component • Contains:
• Electrolytes e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+ , Cl-, HCO3
• Proteins, e.g. haemostatic proteins,
immunoglobulins, transport proteins
• Small organic molecules e.g. glucose

2) Buffy coat
Buffy coat composed of
• Leukocytes
• Platelets

3)Red blood cells

• Most dense component
• Haematocrit: the ratio of the volume of red
blood cells to the total volume of blood

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3
Q

Full blood count

A

The full blood count (FBC) is the most requested in Haematology
• Blood cell counting is used in the differential diagnosis of:
• Anaemia
• Leukaemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• FBCs are performed by automated counting machines e.g. Coulter Analysers

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4
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

All cells of the blood originate from multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow- HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCs)
• Erythropoiesis: the formation of red blood cells • Myelopoiesis: the formation of white blood cells • Thrombopoiesis: the formation of platelets

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5
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have two unique features: 1. Capacity of self-renewal
2. Ability to differentiate into a variety of mature cell types

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6
Q

HAEMATOPOIETIC
STEM CELLS
(HSCs)

A

• HSCs are rare, ≈ 1 in every 20 million nucleated cells in the bone marrow
• Long-term HSCs: able to repopulate the bone marrow for › 16 weeks
• Short-term HSCs: engraft transiently for few weeks
• CD34+ CD38- LIN-
• Appear like a medium size lymphocyte

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7
Q

SITES OF HAEMATOPOIESIS

A

Foetus
0.2 months yolk/sac
2-7 months liver and spleen
5-9 months bone marrow

Infant:bone marrow
Adults:vertebrae,ribs,sternum,skull,sacrum and pelvis,proximal ends of femur

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8
Q

HAEMATOPOIESIS IN THE ADULT

A

• Major sites of adult haematopoiesis: the sternum, femur and pelvis
• Minor sites of adult haematopoiesis: ribs, skull and sacrum
• Haematopoiesis occurring in the bone marrow is called intramedullary haematopoiesis
• Haematopoiesis occurring in the liver and the spleen is called extramedullary haematopoiesis

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9
Q

REGULATION OF HAEMATOPOIESIS

A

STROMAL CELLS:
mesenchimal stem cells, Adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages

Stromal cells secrete: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS: collagen, fibronectin, thrombospondin, hyaluronic acid and other glycosaminoglycans
GROWTH FACTORS: allow stem cell survival and haematopoiesis

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10
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS

A

• Most common cell type in adult blood
• Adult humans produce aprox 2.3 million
erythrocytes/second or 138 million/minute
• That’s 1012 new erythrocytes/day: Adult male: 4.50 – 6.50 x 1012/L Adult female: 3.80 – 5.80 x 1012/L
• Erythrocyte life span is 120 days
• Balance between erythrocytes production and
destruction depends on:
Hormonal control (EPO)
Adequate supplies of iron, B vitamins, aminoacids, etc

Red blood cells carry O2 to the tissues and return CO2 from the tissues to the lungs. They contain haemoglobin, a specialised protein that loads and unloads O2

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11
Q

REGULATION OF ERYTHROPOIESIS BY ERYTHROPOIETIN

A

-low oxygen levels (hypoxia) due to decreased red blood count act as a stimulus
-decreased amount of haemoglobin so decreased about of o2 available
-kidneys release epo
-epo stimulates red bone marrow
-enhanced erythropoises increased red blood cell count
-02 carrying ability of blood Rises

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12
Q

Production of red blood cells

A

Lecture capture

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13
Q

RED BLOOD CELL INDICES

A

• RBC indices help to classify the RBCs • Based on size and Hb content
• Important RBC indices:
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
• RBC indices correlate with RBC morphology seen on the stained blood film
• Used to help classify anaemias

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14
Q

MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV) AND THE MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC)

A

RBCs classification based on MCV
Red blood cells that have a normal size or volume (normal MCV) are called normocytic
When the MCV is high, they are called macrocytic When the MCV is low, they are called microcytic
RBCs classification based on MCHC
Red blood cells containing normal amount of haemoglobin (normal MCHC) are called normochromic
When the MCHC is abnormally low, they are called
hypochromic
When the MCHC is abnormally high, they are called
hyperchromic

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15
Q

ANISOCYTOSIS

A

Red blood cells of unequal sizes

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16
Q

POIKILOCYTOSIS

A

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

17
Q

PLATELETS

A

• Anucleate (no nucleus)
• 1-3μm in diameter
• Normal = 150 – 400 x 109/L
• Higher than normal thrombocytosis
• Lower than normal thrombocytopenia
• Platelet circulate for 7-10 days
• Each day, 100 billion/day are produced from megakaryocytes to maintain the normal platelet count
• Platelets are major players of the haemostatic response, they adhere to the injured vasculature and to prevent bleeding

18
Q

PLATELET BIOGENESIS

A

• Platelets are released in the blood through the endothelium of the vascular niche of the bone marrow where megakaryocytes reside
• Plateletproductiontakes10days

19
Q

THROMBOPOIESIS

A

Phase I - Megakaryocyte maturation
• Endomitosis (DNA replication without cell division)
• Cytoplasm enlargement (cytoskeletal proteins and platelet granules)
Phase II - Platelet generation
• Mature megakaryocytes extend long branching processes (proplatelets)
• Organelles and granules are transported to proplatelets
• Driven by cytoskeletal rearrangements

20
Q

NEUTROPHILS

A

• Life span: 6-10 hrs •
• 12-15 μm in diameter •
• Nucleus has 2-5 distinct •
lobes separated by narrow •
filament
• Condensed chromatin
pattern •
• Cytoplasm has fine, evenly
distributed granules

21
Q

EOSINOPHILS

A

Life span: days • 12-17 μm in diameter • Bi-lobed nucleus • Large, spherical granules red/orange • in colours
Granules more coarse and larger than those of neutrophils

22
Q

BASOPHILS

A

Life span: days
10-14 μm in diameter Nucleus obscured by blue/black granules Rarely found in the peripheral blood circulation

23
Q

MONOCYTES

A

Life span: 20/40 hours
• 12-20 μm in diameter
• Largest peripheral
blood cells
• Large amount of grey-
blue cytoplasm; often
vacuolated
• Large indented/folded
nucleus
• Irregular cytoplasmic
outline

24
Q

LEUKOCYTE ORDER OF PREVALENCE

A

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

25
Q

LEUKOCYTE ORDER OF PREVALENCE

A

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

26
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

A

• • • •
LYMPHOCYTES
Life span: weeks/years
10-16 μm in diameter
Scanty cytoplasm/high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio Usually have a round or slightly indented nucleus

27
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

A

• • • •
LYMPHOCYTES
Life span: weeks/years
10-16 μm in diameter
Scanty cytoplasm/high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio Usually have a round or slightly indented nucleus

28
Q
A

low white cell count, usually low neutrophils (neutropenia)

29
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increased white cell count, may be a consequence of infection or inflammation

30
Q

Leukaemias

A

malignant (neoplastic) proliferation of white cells or their precursors

31
Q

Lymphomas

A

lymphoid neoplasm

32
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

plasma cell neoplasm

33
Q

HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES

A

Non-epithelial cancers that arise from the haematopoietic tissues – i.e.blood forming cells

LEUKAEMIA= Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Chronic lymphotic leukemia (CLL)

MYELOMA= Multiple myeloma (MM)

LYMPHOMA= Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)

34
Q

HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES

A

Haematological malignancies are clonal diseases that derive from a single cell in the bone marrow or peripheral lymphoid tissue, that has undergone genetic alteration

35
Q

Classification of leukaemia

A

1)Acute
-lymphoid=all acute hymphoid leukaemia
-myeloid=AML (acute myeloid leukaemia)

2)chronic
-lymphoid=CCL(chronic lymphoid leukaemia )
-myeloid=CML(chronic myeloid leukaemia)

36
Q

ACUTE

A

-affects all ages
-sudden clinical onset
-course of disease lasts weeks-months
-blasts are the predominant cells
-white blood count is variable

37
Q

Chronic leukaemia

A

-affects typically adults
-clinical onset is insidious
-course of disease is months-years
-mature forms are the predominant cells
-white blood count is increased

38
Q

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

A

• A neoplastic proliferation characterised by plasma cell accumulation in the bone marrow
• A plasma cell is a mature B lymphocyte
• Secrete a single type of antibody (monoclonal)

39
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

• Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in cells of the lymph system
• Lymphoma can occur in both children and adults

The two main types of lymphoma:
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Reed- Sternberg cells)
• non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Blood Science (13 decks)

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