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Blood Science > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

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1
Q

What regulates blood glucose

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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2
Q

Normal levels of blood glucose

A

Random is smaller than 10mmol/l
Fasting is between 3.5-5.5 mol/l

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3
Q

Insulin synthesis

A

Insulin starts as pro-pro insulin ans gets converted into proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum

It then gets converted to insulin in the Golgi apparatus

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4
Q

Functions of insulin

A

Stimulatory:
• glucose uptake by muscle / adipose
• glycolysis
• glycogen synthesis
• protein synthesis
• cellular uptake of potassium / phosphate Inhibitory:
• gluconeogenesis • glycogenolysis
• lipolysis
• ketogenesis
• proteolysis

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5
Q

Effect of insulin on glucose uptake diagram

A
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6
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Formation of glucose from a non carbohydrate substrate

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7
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose to glucose 1 phosphate and glycogen

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8
Q

Lipolysis

A

-Lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into glycerol and 3 fattu acids.
-Used to mobilise stored energy during fasting or excerise

-Occurs only when insulin levels fall to low

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9
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Production of ketone bodies by breaking down fatty antics and ketogenic amino acids

Profess supplies energy to certain organs under specific scenarios eg fasting,caloric restriction,sleep etc

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10
Q

Proteolysis

A

Breakdown id proteins into smaller polypeptides or aminocids

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11
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency of and/or resistance to insulin

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12
Q

What happens during low blood sugar

A

-low blood sugar in between meals/during fasting promotes glucagon release which causes glucagon release from the pancreas which stimulates glycogen breakdown into glucose which raises blood glucose levels

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13
Q

What happens during high blood glucose levels

A

-high blood glucose promotes insulin release from the pancreases which stimulates glucose uptake from the blood
-if stimulates glycogen formation
-lowers blood sugar

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14
Q

How many diabetics in 2021

A

537 million diabetics in 2021

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15
Q

Estimate number of diabetics in 2045

A

783 million

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16
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

17
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Non-insulin Dependent

18
Q

Type 1 diabetes facts

A

Acute
Weight loss common
Thin body type
Prone to ketosis
Low/absent insulin
Uncommon to have family history
Percentage of people that get it 10-15%

19
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Age of onset-middle/elderly
Gradual onset type
Weight loss is uncommon
Obese body type
Resistant to ketosis
Normal/High issuing
Common to have family history
85-90% of people will diabetes will have it

20
Q

Secondary type of diabetes mellitus

A

• pancreatic disease eg acute pancreatitis • acromegaly ie excess growth hormone
• Cushing’s syndrome ie excess cortisol
• drugs that damage pancreatic beta cells

21
Q

Glycosuria mechanism

A

Lecture capture

22
Q

Clinical symptoms of diabetes

A

• polydipsia
• polyuria
• blurred vision
• fatigue
• infections
• weight loss (type 1)

23
Q

Acute complications of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

precipitated by infections / stress
increased secretion of counter regulatory hormones:
glucagon cortisol catecholamines growth hormone
significant mortality (6%)

24
Q

Clinical symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

• polydipsia / polyuria • vomiting
• dehydration
• abdominal pain
• Kussmaul respiration • coma

25
Q

Management of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

insulin infusion:
• corrects hyperglycaemia
isotonic saline infusion:
• corrects low blood volume
bicarbonate infusion:
• corrects metabolic acidosis
potassium supplements:
• replaces lost potassium

26
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A

increased risk of chronic complications with poor glycaemic control
major cause of morbidity / mortality in diabetes most damage to blood vessels:
macrovascular microvascular

27
Q

Diabetic Complications: Macrovascular

A

Stroke
Heart disease and Hypertension
Peripheral vasular disease
Foot problems

28
Q

Microvascular

A

Diabetic eye disease (retinopathy and cataracts)
Renal disease
Neuropathy Foot problems

29
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

A

• retinopathy
• cataract
• atherosclerosis (heart disease / stroke) • diabeticneuropathy
• diabeticnephropathy
• delayedwound-healing
• diabeticembryopathy

30
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis

A

Determined by:
1: fasting plasma [glucose] or
2: oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• patient fasts for 8-12 hours
• glucose load (75g) administered
• venous plasma [glucose] at 0 and 2 hours

31
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Management

A

Modified Diet
• reduced sugar intake
• reduced fat intake
• reduced salt intake
Exercise Hypoglycaemic Drugs Insulin Therapy

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