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Year 2 > Haematology & oncology > Flashcards

Haematology & oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome common with what cancers?

A

Lymphomas & leukaemias

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2
Q

Signs and symptoms of TLS?

A 
SYMPTOMS:
N&V/Diarrhoea
Muscle cramps
Weakness
Numbness/tingling
Decreased urination
Confusion
SIGNS:
Hyperkalaemia
Hypocalceamia
Hyperphosphataemia
Hyperuricaemia
Lactic acidosis
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3
Q 
Case typical of what:
Recurrent epistaxis
Recurrent iron deficiency
FHx of epistaxis
Platelets normal
Coagulation normal
A

Hereditory haemorrhagic telangectasia

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4
Q

Case typical of what?:
Purpura/petichae post infection
Low platelets
Normal clotting

A

Immune thrombocytopenia

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5
Q

Baby/infant presents with joint pain, swollen, hot and tender.
FBC normal
Coagulation tests - Factor VIII < 2%

A

Haemophilia A

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6
Q

What is plasminogen/plasmin role?

A

Fibrinolysis - breakdown fibrin of clot

Fibrin degradation products measured as D-dimer test

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7
Q

Intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade?

A

Factors XII, XI, IX, VIII activate Factor X

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8
Q

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade?

A

Tissue factor and factor VII activate Factor X

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9
Q

Final common part of coagulation cascade?

A

Factor XaVa activates:
Prothrombin to thrombin
Fibrinogen to fibrin

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10
Q

Coagulation profile measuring extrinsic pathway?

A

Prothrombin time (PT or INR)

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11
Q

Coagulation profile measuring intrinsic pathway?

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

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12
Q

What is ITP?

A

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia:

Chronic and acute destruction of platelets (reducing lifespan), in spleen and liver

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13
Q

Haemophilia A is deficiency in which clotting factor?

A

Factor VIII

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14
Q

Haemophilia B is a deficiency in which clotting factor?

A

Factor IX (also known as Christmas disease)

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15
Q

Vitamin K essential for which coagulation factors?

A

Factors II, VII, IX, X

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16
Q

Tranexamic acid useful for what?

A

Useful for treating mucous membrane bleeds

  • Epistaxis
  • dental/mouth bleeds
  • GI bleeds
  • Menorrhagia
17
Q

Rivaroxiban/apixaban work on what factor?

A

Anti-Xa (they inhibit Factor Xa)

18
Q

Dabigatran work on what factor?

A

Anti-thrombin

19
Q 
Coagulation profile:
Bleeding time - N
PT - increase
APTT - increase
TT - increase
Fibrinogen - decrease
A

Liver disease

20
Q 
Coagulation profile:
Bleeding time - N
PT - N
APTT - Increase
TT - N
Fibrinogen - N
A

Haemophilia

21
Q 
Coagulation profile:
Bleeding time - Increase
PT - N
APTT - increase
TT  - N
Fibrinogen - N
A

vonWillebrand Disease
NB APTT is prolongued because vWF normally has a protective effect on the degradation of Factor VIII (part of intrinsic pathway) and thus extends APTT.

22
Q 
Coagulation profile:
Bleeding time - increase
PT - increase
APTT - increase
TT - increase
Fibrinogen - decrease
A

DIC

23
Q 
Coagulation profile:
Bleeding time - increase
PT - N
APTT - N
TT - N
Fibrinogen - N
A

Thrombocytopenia

24
Q

Natural inhibitors of coagulation?

A 
Protein C (and protein S)
Anti-thrombin
(Plasmin breaks down fibrin, but doesn't prevent coagulation initially)
25
Q

What is Factor V Leiden?

A

Mutated Factor V, which cannot be degraded by activated protein C, and thus causes hypercoagulability

26
Q

How does Protein C inhibit coagulation?

A

Protein S and thrombomodulin activate protein C, which then inhibits Factors VIIIa and Va, thus inhibiting thrombin activation

27
Q

What is Prothrombin G20210A?

A

Mutation in prothrombin gene, causing elevated prothrombin levels, and thus hypercoagulability

28
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A 
Find Those Small Cells
Fe Deficiency
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia
Chronic disease
29
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

A 
FAT RBC
Foetus (Pregnancy)
Alcohol
Thyroid
Reticulocytosis
B12/Folate deficiency
Cirrhosis
30
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A 
ABBRA
Anaemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow failure
Bone marrow infiltration
Renal failure
Acute haemorrhage
31
Q

Tumour marker for ovarian ca?

A

CA 125

32
Q

Tumour marker for pancreatic ca?

A

CA 19-9

33
Q

Tumour marker for breast Ca?

A

CA 15-3

34
Q

Tumour marker for prostate Ca?

A

PSA - prostate specific antigen

35
Q

Tumour marker for Hepatocellular Ca?

A

AFP - alpha-feto protein

ALSO for teratomas

36
Q

Tumour marker for for colorectal Ca?

A

CEA - carcinoembryonic cancer

37
Q

What is S100 a tumour marker for?

A

Melanoma

Schwannomas

38
Q

What is bombesin a tumour marker for?

A

Small cell Lung Ca
Neuroblastoma
Gastric Ca

Year 2 (21 decks)

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