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Year 2 > Anatomy Part 1 (most recent) > Flashcards

Anatomy Part 1 (most recent) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A 
HIPPO wearing a HAT
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amgydala
Thalamus

(Also:
Mamillary bodies
Prefrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus)

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2
Q

Limbic system function?

A

Memory and emotion
Hippocampus = memory
Amygdala = emotion
Broadly speaking

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3
Q

Components of basal ganglia?

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Substantia nigra

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4
Q

Facial nerve and muscles of facial expression arise from what?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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5
Q

Course of facial nerve?

A

Arises in Pons as 2 roots
Travels through internal acoustic meatus (in temporal bone)
Then enter facial canal (in temporal bone) - two roots fuse
Leave facial canal through stylomastoid foramen
THrough parotid into terminal motor branches

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6
Q

Intracranial branches of facial nerve?

A

1st the geniculate ganglion but not really a branch…

  1. Greater petrosal nerve
  2. Nerve to stapedius
  3. Chorda tympani
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7
Q

Extracranial branches of facial nerve?

A
  1. Posterior auricular nerve
  2. Nerve to digastric
  3. nerve to stylohyoid
  4. terminal motor branches (5)
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8
Q

Terminal motor branches of facial nerve?

A 
From superior to inferior:
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
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9
Q

Risks of spreading infection intracranially?

A

Facial vein is valveless, blood can track back into cavernous sinuses.
Structures close to the sinuses are at risk:
Within the cavernous sinus:
Internal carotid artery
CNVI

Lateral aspects of sinuses:
CNIII
CNIV
CNV1
CNV2
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10
Q

Layers of the scalp?

A 
Mnemonic SCALP
Skin
dense Connective tissue
epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum of the skull
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11
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal?

A

Male:
Spermatic cord
Female:
Round ligament of uterus

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12
Q

Walls (boundaries) of inguinal canal?

A

Roof:
Transversalis fascia; internal oblique; transversus abdominis

Floor:
Inguinal ligament

Posterior:
Transversalis fascia

Anterior:
Aponeurosis of external oblique
(and internal oblique)

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13
Q

Structures passing through diaphragm?

A

T8 - IVC

T10 - Oesophagus; oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels; vagus nerve

T12 - Aorta; thoracic duct; azygous vein

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14
Q

Muscles of posterior abdominal wall and their actions?

A

Psoas major - flexes thigh at the hip; lateral flexion of vertebral column

Psoas minor - flexion of vertebral column

Quadratus lumborum - extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column

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15
Q

Abdominal aorta branches?

A 
ALl arteries obviously.
Mnemonic: 
Prostitutes cause saggy swollen red testicles living in sin
Phrenic (inferior)
Coeliac
Superior mesenteric 
Suprarenal (middle)
Renal
Testicular/ovarian
Lumbar
Inferior mesenteric
median Sacral
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16
Q

Blood supply to the scalp?

A

3 main:
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery

+
Supraorbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
(From ICA)

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17
Q

Lacerations to the scalp?

A

Bleed profusely due to:
Dense anastamoses of arteries
Vessels are adhered to dense connective tissue, preventing constriction
Pull of epicranius muscle prevents closure

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18
Q

Innervation of posterior scalp?

A

Lesser and greater occipital nerves

- branch of anterior rami of C2/3

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19
Q

Peripheral attachments of diaphragm?

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
Costal cartilages ribs 7-12
Xiphoid sternum

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20
Q

Central attachments of diaphragm?

A

Vertebrae - Right and left crus

Central tendon (superior) fuses with pericardium

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21
Q

Vasculature of diaphragm?

A

Main blood supply:
Inferior phrenic arteries

Other blood supply:
Superphrenic artery
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Musculophrenic artery

VEINS ARE THE SAME

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22
Q

Superficial radio-ulnar joint articulating surfaces?

A

(u) Trochlear notch + Head of radius (r)
(u) Radial notch + Neck of radius (r)
(u) Coronoid process + radial tuberosity (r)

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23
Q

Tests for median, radial, ulnar nerves?

A

AGAINST RESISTANCE
Radial - wrist/finger extension
Median - thumb abduction
Ulnar - finger abduction (of index finger)

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24
Q

Boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral - Brachioradialis
Medial - Pronator teres
Superior - line between two epicondyles
Triangular shape

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25
Q

Contents of cubital fossa?

A

Biceps tendon
Brachial artery - bifurcates at apex
Median nerve
(also radial nerve)

26
Q

Contents of femoral canal?

A 
NAVEL (medial to lateral)
Nerve 
Artery
Vein
Empty space (to allow vessels to distend)
Lymphatics (femoral canal)
27
Q

Contents of femoral sheath?

A

Within canal but only contains vessels

artery, vein, lymphatics

28
Q

Where (and when) to gain access tp femoral artery?

A

Mid-inguinal point (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis)

Used for catheterisation in coronary angiography (and arterial blood sampling)

29
Q

Muscles in anterior compartment of lower leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallicus longus
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

30
Q

Muscles in lateral compartment of lower leg?

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

31
Q

Muscles in posterior compartment of lower leg?

A 
Separated again - 
Deep:
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallicus longus
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior

Superficial:
Gastrocnemius
Plataris
Soleus

32
Q

Describe the DURA mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

A

Two connective tissue layers (endosteol and meningeal) between which dural venous sinus lies

Four Dural reflections formed from dura mater

Supplied mainly by middle meningeal artery
Innervated by trigeminal nerve

33
Q

Describe the ARACHNOID mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

A

Layers of connective tissue, avascular, not innervated

Subarachnoid space contains CSF

34
Q

Describe the PIA mater, layers, vasculatur/innervations etc

A

Thin, tightly adhered to brain, gyri and fissures

Highly vascularised

35
Q

Dural reflections?

A

Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

Formed by DURA MATER

36
Q

Structures encountered during lumbar puncture?

A

Trying to get to subarachnoid space

Skin, subcut, muscles
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura mater & arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
37
Q

Structures encountered during epidural anaesthetic block?

A 
Skin, subcut, muscles
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
38
Q

Structures encountered during spinal anaesthetic block?

A 
Same as lumbar puncture:
Skin, subcut, muscles
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura mater & arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
39
Q

Difference between epidural and spinal anaesthesia?

A

Epidural:
Weak block for pain fibres mainly
Large amount of anaesthesia needed
Post-op/labour pain

Spinal block:
Strong block of all modalities (motor, sensation etc)
Small amount of anaesthesia needed
Surgery lower limb/abdo/perineum

BOTH AT L2/3 or L3/4

40
Q

Innervation and arterial supply of anterior compartment of leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

Anterior tibial artery

41
Q

Innervation and arterial supply of lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

Fibular artery

42
Q

Innervation and arterial supply of posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

Posterior tibial artery

43
Q

Posterior compartment of upper arm: innervation and vasculature?

A

Triceps brachii

Profunda brachii artery

Radial nerve

44
Q

Anterior compartment of upper arm: innervation and vasculature?

A

BBC:
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

Brachial artery (muscular branches)

Musculocutaneous nerve

45
Q

Muscles innervated by lateral plantar nerve?

A 
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Quadratus plantae
3 lateral lumbricals
Adductor hallicus
Dorsal and plantar interosseous
46
Q

Muscles innervated by medial plantar nerve?

A

Abductor hallicus
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor hallicus brevis

47
Q

Extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts?

A

Pyramidal:
Arise from cerebral cortex
Carry motor fibres for VOLUNTARY movements

Extrapyramidal:
Arise from brainstem
Carry motor fibres for INVOLUNTARY movements

48
Q

Explain course of blood from pterygoid plexus to external jugular vein?

A

Pterygoid plexus drains into maxillary vein.
Maxillary vein joins with superficial temporal vein to form retromandibular vein
Retromandibular vein joins with posterior auricular vein to form external jugular vein

49
Q

Lateral ventricles to third ventricle connection?

A

Foramen of Munro
or
Interventricular foramen

50
Q

Third ventricle to fourth ventricle connection?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

51
Q

CSF exits fourth ventricle via?

A 
R+L Lateral aperture (Foramen of Lushka)
Median apertures (Foramen of Magendie)
52
Q

What is transmitted via dorsal columns?

A

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception, 2-point discrimination

53
Q

Where do dorsal columns go, and where do they decussate?

A

Go to thalamus (then somatosensory cortex)

Decussate in medulla

54
Q

Where do spinothalamic tracts go, and where do they decussate?

A

Go to thalamus

Decussate in spinal cord level.

55
Q

What do spinothalamic tracts carry?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch

56
Q

Where do corticospinal tracts go and where do they decussate?

A

Go to cortex
LATERAL tracts decussate in medullary pyramids
ANTERIOR tracts decussate in spinal cord (thoracic and cervical levels)

57
Q

Glial cells:

Provide support and nutrients to neurones?

A

Astrocytes

58
Q

Glial cells:

Form and maintain myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

59
Q

Glial cells:

Resident macrophage action?

A

Microglia

60
Q

Signs of MS histopathologically?

A 
Astrocyte fibrillary gliosis
 - astrocytes proliferate, lots of fibrillary processes
 - leading to dense glial scar
Plaque formation
Myelin breakdown
61
Q

Transverse facial artery?

A

Branches off superficial temporal artery

Year 2 (21 decks)

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