Haematology Flashcards
What is a normal INR?
0.8-1.2
What blood tests results are seen in DIC?
High APTT, high INR, low fibrinogen, low platelets, high d-dimer
What are 3 complications of acute leukaemia?
DIC, febrile neutropaenia and leukostasis
What are the 3 specific transfusions for DIC?
FFP to lower INR 1.5
Platelets with aim of over 50
Cryoprecipitate to get fibrinogen over 1.5
What are the criteria for febrile neutropaenia?
Temp over 38
PMNs less than 1
Which leukaemia has auer rods?
AML
Which leukaemia has cytoplasmic granules?
AML
How are ALLs treated?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
What is the notation for the Philadelphia chromosome?
t(9;22)
Which leukaemias are associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
ALL and CML
What is the treatment for CML?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Which is the most common leukaemia?
CLL
classification of micro/normo/macrocytic anaemias
micro MCV less than 80
normo MCV 80-100
macro MCV more than 100
Main causes of macrocytic anaemia
ABCDEF Alcohol B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis Drugs Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate/fetus
myelodysplasia
Main causes of microcytic anaemia
TAILS Thalassaemia Anaemia of chronic disease Iron-deficiency anaemia Lead poisoning Sideroblastic anaemia
Main causes of normocytic anaemia
ABCD Acute haemorrhage Bone marrow failure Chronic disease (eg renal failure) Destruction (haemolytic, sickle cell, autoimmune, aplastic)
What does cryoprecipitate contain?
Fibrinogen
What does FFP contain?
All coagulation factors
what are B symptoms?
Weight loss (more than 10% of baseline weight in 6 month period)
Temperature (more than 38)
Drenching night sweats
What is the normal amount of blasts in the bone marrow?
Less than 5%
What is the definition of acute leukaemia?
More than 20% of cells in bone marrow are blasts
What causes leukostasis in acute leukaemia?
So many blasts in the blood –> blood very thick
Cause of CML?
Philadelphia chromosome. t(9;22) of BCR and ABL causes constitutively activated tyrosine kinase –> cell growth
What is Glivec?
Imatinib. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for Rx of CML
CLL is the same disease as…?
small lymphocytic lymphoma
how do you reverse warfarin
prothrombinex +/- Vit K and FFP
What are the two main causes of microcytic anaemia?
Iron deficiency and thalasaemia
What is the diameter of a platelet cell?
2-4 um
What converts fibrinogen → fibrin?
Thrombin
If someone has conjunctival pallor, what will their Hb be?
Less than 70 or 80
What is the generic name for Clexane?
enoxaparin
What are the 3 stages of myeloma and what defines them?
1 MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance
2 Smouldering myeloma
M-protein (aka paraprotein) more than 30 g/L
AND/OR
More than 10% of bone marrow cells are plasma cells
3 Multiple myeloma
Smouldering myeloma plus end organ damage (CRAB)
What are examples of end organ damage in multiple myeloma?
CRAB symptoms
Hypercalcaemia
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone lytic lesions
