Haem/Onc Flashcards
5 tumours in Pre-school aged kids?
ALL Non-hodgkin Lymphoma Neuroblastoma Wilm tumour Retinoblastoma
5 tumours in school aged kids?
ALL
Brian tumour
4 tumours in Adolescent?
ALL
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignant Bone tumours
Soft tissue carcinoma
White pupillary reflex or squint
Retinoblastoma
Large abdominal mass in a well kid - occasionally anorexia, abdominal pain, haematuria
Wilm’s tumour
Seborrhoeic rash,
Widespread tissue infiltration,
Bone pain/swelling or fracture
Diabetes insipidus
Langerhans Cell histiocytosis
Neuroblastoma arises from the neural crest cells and hence most commonly affects which organ?
Adrenal glands
Abdominal mass that crosses the midline
Spinal cord compression - Bone pain?
Weight loss, malase
pallor bruising
Neuroblastoma
Malaise, anorexia, Pallor, lethargy infections Bruising, petechiae, nose bleeds Lymphadenopathy, Hepatosplenomegaly
ALL
Classicly painless firm lymphadenopathy in the neck which may or not cause airway obstruction.
With B-symptoms - Sweating, pruritus, weight loss and fever
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Most common primary renal neoplasm of childhood - diagnosed between age 2 and 5
Wilm’s tumour
WAGR syndrome: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Aniridia (absence of coloured part of the iris) Genital anomalies Mental Retardation
Wilm’s tumour
Wilm’s tumour is related to another syndrome which consists features of :
Enlargement of body organs - especially TONGUE, hemihypertrophy, renal medullary cyst and adrenal cytomegaly
Beckwith-weidmann syndrome
Denys-Drash syndrome consists of gonadal dysgenesis and nephropathy leading to renal failure.
This happens commonly with which tumour?
Wilm’s tumour
What is the most common form of soft tissue sarcoma in childhood?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Tumour causing proptosis, nasal obstruction or blood-stained nasal discharge.
Can have Genitourinary symptoms too
Rhabdomyosarcoma
______sarcoma is more common than ______ Sarcoma, and ______ sarcoma is seen more often in younger children.
Osteogenic sarcoma is more common than Ewing Sarcoma, but Ewing sarcoma is seen more often in younger children.
They generally tend to happen after puberty
___________ in nearly all cases of hepatoblastoma and in some cases of hepatocellular carcinoma
Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein is detected (aFP)
Germ cell tumours arise from primitive germ cells which migrate from the yolk sac endoderm to form gonads in the embryo. They occur most commonly in which region?
Sacrococcygeal region
In Germ cell tumours: what are two serum markers vital for diagnosis and monitoring?
aFP and Beta-hCG
_________ is a rare disorder characterised by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Two common associations of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?
- Bone lesions - present at any age with pain, swelling or fracture - well defined lytic lesions
- Diabetes insipidus - may be associated with skull disease with proptosis and hypothalamic infiltration
60% of all paediatric brain tumours are _______
infratentorial
Brain tumour:
Usually in posterior fossa
Well circumscribed
Benign, good prognosis
Pilocytic astrocytoma
14 year old with aggressive behaviours at school – headaches and seizure.
- Cancer that tends to affect the cortex of the brain and presents with focal neurological signs
Astrocytoma - Glioblastoma Multiforme
10yo with headaches, vomiting, poor growth, struggling to see board at school.
Can also have Visual loss (bitemporal hemianopia), pituitary failure – growth failure, diabetes insipidus, weight gain
Craniopharyngioma
3 year old vomiting in the mornings, unsteady on his feet, new onset convergent squint
Presents with truncal ataxia, co-ordination difficulties, abnormal eye movements
Medulloblastoma - affecting
Where do medulloblastoma’s primarily occur?
Cerebellar and 4th ventricle
4 yr old – refuses to walk, unable to climb stairs, squint, facial asymmetry and drooling
Brainstem defect:
Cranial nerve defects, pyramidal tract signs, cerebellar ataxia, Often no raised intracranial pressure
Brainstem Glioma
A primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET)
Arises in the midline of the posterior fossa.
Compresses ventricles and leads to hydrocephalus.
Highly malignant and seeds through CNS via CSF,
Medulloblastoma
In 4th ventricle causing hydrocephalus
Poor prognosis
Mostly in the posterior fossa where it behaves like a medulloblastoma
Ependymoma
Often cerebellar
Associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with retinal angiomas
Can produce EPO secondary polycythaemia
Hemangioblastoma
Most common supratentorial childhood tumour
Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngioma is benign and arises from the squamous remnant of ___________
The Rathke pouch
Cancer that can originate from any site in sympathetic nervous system, presenting as a mass in neck, chest or abdomen mass (most common site is adrenal gland)
Neuroblastoma
Cancer that can cause: Can also present with peri-orbital ecchymosis, abdominal pain, emesis, fever, weight loss, anorexia, “blueberry muffin” skin nodules.
Neuroblastoma
Sturge weber syndrome is associated with _________ syndrome in V1 distribution
Sturge Weber syndrome
o Adenoma sebaceum – angiokeratomas on face, often in malar distribution
o Shrageen patch – isolated raised plaque over lower back, buttocks
o Ash leaf – hypopigmentation seen with Wood’s lamp (UV light)
Tuberous Sclerosis
