Habituation and Sensitisation(Chpt.2)

Question 1

Elicited Behaviors

Answer 1

Any behavior in response to a stimulus (sneezing, knee jerk, orienting, eye blinking.

all of these can be thought of as a reflex

Question 2

The reflex

Answer 2

The reflex has 2 components a stimulus and response

physiologically the sensory input is linked to motor output

Question 3

Sensory neuron

Answer 3

(Afferent) neuron bring it to the CNS

Question 4

Interneuron

Answer 4

relay into to motor neuron

Question 5

Motor neuron

Answer 5

(Efferent) to the muscles

Question 6

Look at the Visual Attention Pic.

Answer 6

chart

Question 7

Habituation (decrease neurotransmitter)

Answer 7

is stimulus specific

a decrease in responding to an eliciting stimulus with repeated presentations of that stimulus.

ec. when you are eating a lot more when your with friends for example party

Question 8

The startle response

Answer 8

It’s the behavior to something startling if someone scares you unexpectedly, you probably will jump your shoulders will raise. We can measure using animals using a stabilimeter and visual observation

ec.when a mouse is startled with noise but overtime it slowly adapts and goes about it normal way

Question 9

long term habituation using startle with rats over a few days

Answer 9

high to low frequencies longer breaks

-less frequent presentations/ stimulus but over long period of time

Question 10

short term habituation using startle with rats in a day

Answer 10

low frequencies shorter breaks

high frequency of stimulus over short period of time

Question 11

sensitisation (increase neurotransmitters)

Answer 11

an increase of responding to an eliciting stimulus with repeated presentations of that stimulus.

-heightened state of arousal

Question 12

Background noise

Answer 12

110db eliciting stimulus

Question 13

2 groups chart

Answer 13

1.pleasant pics->shock (threat)
unpleasant pics->no shock (safe)

2.Pleasant pics ->no shock (safe)
unplesant pics->shock (threat )
clear sense effect

Question 14

adaptiveness of habituation and sensitisation

Answer 14

used to focus the world, survival, also, they are crucial effects to be aware of in experiments of learning

Question 15

Sensory Problem:

Is a decrease in responding always a result of habituation

Answer 15

fatigue is habituation decrease in responding

Question 16

Dual Process theory

Answer 16

Habituation Process-decrease responsiveness

• stimulus response (S-R) SYSTEM, REFLEX SYSTEM
• activated every time

Sensitisation Process-increases responsiveness

• emtional state system
• Activated only when aroused

-not mutually exclusive complete for control over behavior

Question 17

Q.This efferent neuron recieves information from the interneuron and relays information to the muscles

Answer 17

A. motor neuron

Question 18

Q.Long term habituation is a result of less frequent stimulus presentations spread out over multiple days.

Answer 18

A.True

Question 19

Emotions and motivations

Answer 19

a stimulus can also elicit complex emotions ec.love, hate,sexual arousal,euphoria

Question 20

Characteristic of emotional reactions

Answer 20

1. emotional reactions are biphasic (having two phases: the patient’s biphasic recovery curve.
2. the primary reaction becomes weaker with repeated presentations
3. the weakening of the primary reaction with repeated exposure is accompanied by a strengthening of the after reaction

Question 21

Opponent process theory of motivation

Answer 21

assumption-the body wants to maintain emotional stability

Question 22

Opponent process theory chart

Answer 22

Condition respond to the drug

x is manifest affective response
y is time

Happiness 
a-b
A=HIGH
B=Homostasis (stability)
Goes down (habituation)

Sadness
a-b
A=neutral homostasis
goes down (habituation)

Underlying opponent process
A is high and B is low balances out drug and overtime there is drug withdrawals

Question 23

Why do some behaviors become sensitized and others habituate

Answer 23

To sensitize a behavior (or a reflex) the animal/human must already be in a state of arousal