Gynaecological neoplasms Flashcards
What is a teratoma?
A tumour with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer
Usually benign but can occasionally be malignant
What are the two main types of ovarian cancer?
Serous carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
What are the main risk factors for ovarian and endometrial carcinoma?
Nulliparity Repeated ovulation (i.e. COCP reduces risk) Genetic factors e.g. BRAC1/2 Unopposed oestrogen Obesity, diabetes, PCOS Increasing age
How does ovarian cancer usually present?
Tends to present very late stage, with vague, non-specific symptoms
- indigestion, poor appetite
- altered bowel habit
- abdominal/pelvic mass
- bloating, discomfort, weight gain
- pelvic mass: causes pressure symptoms at a late stage
What are the three main types of endometrial cancer?
Carcinoma
- Type 1: endometrial adenocarcinoma
- Type 2: endometrial serous/clear cell carcinoma
Uterine sarcoma
How does endometrial cancer usually present?
Abnormal uterine bleeding
- post-menopausal bleeding
- menorrhagia
- vaginal discharge
What are the main risk factors for vulval cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection Chronic dermatoses Smoking Immunosuppression Previous malignancy
What is VIN?
Vulva intraepithelial neoplasia - a pre-cancer
- multifocal
- unifocal
What is the most common type of vulval cancer? Give three other types.
Squamous cell carcinoma Other - basal cell carcinoma - melanoma - Bartholin's gland
Describe the appearance/presentation of VIN?
Raised plaques
Nodules
Warty, keratotic appearance
Itch/irritation
Describe the appearance/presentation of vulval cancer
Pain
Itch
Bleeding
Lump/ulcer
How are gynaecological cancers diagnosed?
Biopsy
What are the main treatment options for CIN?
Large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ)
Cold coagulation
Laser ablation
What is the most common solid tumour in young males?
Testicular cancer
What age range has peak incidence of testicular cancer?
15 - 40 years
What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
Cryptorchidism Kleinfelter's syndrome (XXY) Family history Male infertility Genetics; abnormalities on chromosome 12
From what type of cells does testicular cancer most commonly arise?
Germ cells (95%)
What is the most common type of prostate cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
Arising from peripheral zone of the prostate
What are the most common sites for prostate cancer to metastasise to?
bone
lymph nodes
What is the commonest male cancer?
Prostate cancer; 26% of all male cancers
What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
Increasing age
Family history
Ethnic origin (more common in black afro-Caribbean men)
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Raised PSA
Digital rectal exam
Biopsy
How is prostate cancer staged?
TNM staging and histological grading
What is the most common form of penile cancer?
95% are squamous cell carcinoma
