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Research Methods > GW 1 > Flashcards

GW 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define statistics in relation to numbers

A

Mathematical procedures used to organize or summarize data

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2
Q

Define statistics in relation to research

A

Answers research questions and justifies conclusions

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3
Q

Define population

A

The entire group the researcher wants to study

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4
Q

Define a sample

A

a set of representative individuals pulled from the population

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5
Q

Define a variable

A

A condition or characteristic that changes

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6
Q

Define datum

A

a singular measurement or score from the observation

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7
Q

Define raw score

A

Datum

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8
Q

Define parameter

A

A number that characterizes a population; found by measuring individuals in a population

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9
Q

Define statistic

A

A number that characterizes a sample; found by measuring individuals in a sample

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10
Q

What is sampling error caused by?

A

A sample not being representative of the population

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11
Q

Define sampling error/margin of error

A

when a sample statistic is not representative of its population parameter

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12
Q

Define inferential statistics

A

making generalizations or assumptions about the population from a sample

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13
Q

What 3 things do we use descriptive statistics for?

A

Organizing, summarizing, or averaging data to understand it easier

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14
Q

How is non-numerical data usually expressed?

A

As proportions or percentages

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15
Q

What 2 factors must be present in a true experiment?

A

Manipulation of the independent variable and control of extraneous/confounding variables

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16
Q

What is the correlational method?

A

Measures 2 variables and displays the relationship

17
Q

What is the purpose of the correlational method?

A

To establish that a relationship EXISTS; does NOT show cause or effect. Does not contain groups.

18
Q

What research strategy establishes cause-and-effect?

A

Experimental research

19
Q

What is the purpose of the experimental method?

A

To establish that manipulating one variable CAUSES the change in the other variable

20
Q

In experimental research, which variable is measured for the effect of the treatment?

A

The dependent variable

21
Q

In experimental research, which variable is used to filter individuals into separate categories?

A

Independent variable

22
Q

Which research method compares groups of scores?

A

Experimental research

23
Q

Which variable is manipulated between 2 values?

A

The independent variable

24
Q

What are 2 types of variables that must be controlled?

A

Participant variables and environmental variables

25
Q

What does it mean to say that a study is confounded?

A

When there is more than 1 explanation for the results

26
Q

Which variable are the subjects exposed to?

A

The independent variable

27
Q

Are both variables measured?

A

No, just the dependent variable.

28
Q

Define control group/condition

A

Individuals that receive no treatment; baseline for the treatment condition

29
Q

Define non-experimental research

A

Comparison of groups of scores without manipulation or control

30
Q

When an independent variable can’t be manipulated, what is it and where does it occur?

A

Quasi-independent variable; in non-experimental research

31
Q

What is the operational definition of a construct?

A

Measuring the behavior caused by the construct

32
Q

What is a discrete variable

A

Undividable categories that can’t overlap; ex male and female

33
Q

What is a continuous variable

A

Can be divided into an infinite number of fractional parts

34
Q

When are real limits used?

A

When you need the upper and lower boundaries of a continuous variable

35
Q

What does a nominal scale fail to do?

A

Display the size or direction of the categories; very basic scale

36
Q

What is an ordinal scale able to do?

A

Put things in an ordered sequence like rank

37
Q

List the order of operations

A

Parentheses, exponents, multiply, divide, sigma, add and subtract outside parentheses

Research Methods (14 decks)

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