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gut motility Flashcards

1
Q

what does digestion and absorption depend on

A

motility

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2
Q

chewing

A

mouth and salivary glands

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3
Q

swallowing and persitalsis

A

pharynx and esophagus

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4
Q

gastric mixing and gastric emptying

A

stomach

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5
Q

segmentation; migrating motility complex

A

small intestine

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6
Q

haustral contractions; mass movements

A

large intestine

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7
Q

how is digestion regulated

A

4 ways-

autonomous smooth muscle function (slow waves)
intrinsic nerve plexus
extrinsic nerve innernation
gastrointestinal hormones

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8
Q

rate of propulsion

A

different in various regions

food rapidly transits down the esophagus but is moved very slowly through the small intestine

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9
Q

mucosa

A

muscularis smooth muscle contracts it

  • longitudinal muscle fibres run parallel to the tracts long axis
    -circular muscle fibres run around the tracts circumference
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10
Q

smooth muscle stimulation results in what

A

contraction of the alimentary canal which propels the food forward in constant motion

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11
Q

what is GI motility impacted by

A

eletrical stimulation of muscularis smooth muscle by myentric plexus as well as extrinsic nerve innervation and gastrointestinal hormones

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12
Q

what is the myentric plexus a part of

A

the enteric nervous system

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13
Q

slow waves

A

slow spontaneous rhythmic changes in resting membrane potential of inner circular smooth muscle

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14
Q

what do slow waves conduct to

A

circular smooth muscle cells and cause phasic contractions

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15
Q

what slow waves cause muscle contraction

A

slow waves with action potential

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16
Q

BER

A

basic electrical rhythm

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17
Q

what are BER

A

constant regularly spaced circular muscle slow waves

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18
Q

frequency of slow waves

A

varies from region to region along the length of the tract

neural activity and hormonal signals can affect slow wave amplitude and trigger action potentials

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19
Q

digestion in the mouth

A

teeth and tongue begin mechanical digestion and salivary glands begin chemical digestion

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20
Q

function of lips and cheeks

A

confine food between teeth and allow for even chewing during mastication

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21
Q

function of salivary glands

A

secerete saliva so moisten and lubricate mouth and pharynx
moisten and soften and dissolve food
clean the mouth and teeth
salivary amylase breaks down starch

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22
Q

function of the tongue muscles

A

move tongue sideways and in an out to manipulate food for chewing and shape food into bolus and manipulate food for swallowing

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23
Q

functino of taste buds

A

sense food in mouth and sense taste

nerve impulses from taste buds are conducted to salivary nuclei in the brain stem and then to salivary glands stimulating saliva secretion

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24
Q

lingual glands

A

secrete lingual lipase
this is activated in the stomach
break down triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides

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25
function of teeth
shred and crush food break down solid food into smaller particles for deglutition
26
the pharynx
short tube of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane
27
nasopharynx
involved only in breathing and speeech
28
what is used for breathing and digestion
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
29
esophagus
thin walled and pliant muscular tube which conducts food from pharynx to the stomach
30
what kind of muscle is in the esophagus
both skeletal and smooth skeletal in the upper third and smooth in the lower two thirds
31
what spinchter is the gastroesophageal sphincter
the cardiac or the lower esophogeal sphincter
32
steps of the swallowing reflex
1. voluntary/ buccal phase 2. pharyngeal phase 3. esophageal phase
33
voluntary phase of swallowing
chewing transforms food into a bolus and the tongue propels the bolus into the pharynx mechanoreceptors initiate the swallowing reflex- a series of contractions coordinated by the swallowing centre in the medulla
34
what happens in the orthopharangeal phase of swallowing
bolus presses downward on the epiglottis covering the glottis and preventing bolus from entering the larynx and the trachea uvula elevates and lodges against the back of the throat sealing off the nasal passages reflex mechanisms supress breathing motions upper esophogeal sphincter relaxes allowing bolus entry into the esophogus
35
what happens in the esophogeal phase of swallowing
entry of bolus into esophagus stimulates stretch receptors triggering persitalsis the persitalic wave propels the bolus towards the stomach
36
persitalsis
a series of wave like muscle contractions that propel the food bolys/chyme along the digestive tract
37
what causes persitalsis
coordinated activity between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in adjoining segments of the GI tract
38
primary peristalsis
swallowing induced persitalsis
39
what happens if the bolus gets stuck
stretch receptors cause secondary persitalsis which forces the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach
40
what is heartburn
when the lower esophageal sphincter does not remain closed and the contents of the stomach are expelled up the esophagus (regurtiation) repeated over time the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus may erode causing pain and impaired swalllowing
41
where does most chemical digestion begin
in the stomach
42
what happns to food in the stomach
smooth muscle contractions pulverize food into smaller particles and mixes it with gastric juices forming chyme
43
fundus
wall in the stomach and is thin and easily expands
44
rugae
in the body of the stomach and flatter as the stomach expands
45
antrum
thickest muscle layer and produces strong contractions responsible for gastric mixing and emptying
46
main function of the stomach
to store ingested food until it can be emptied into the small intestine at an approperiate rate
47
vagovagal reflex
receptive relaxation
48
what is receptive relaxation
stomach relaxes in response to swallowing sensory info about entry of food is transmited to brain via vagus nerve
49
gastric mixing
contractile activity of stomach smooth muscle pulverizes food into smaller particles and mixes it with gastric juice forming chyme
50
gastric emptying
contractions of the antrum propel chyme from stomach into small intestine rhythmic mixing waves force small amounds of chyme through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum
51
when are the contents of the stomach completely emptied into duodenum
within 2-4 hours after eating a meal
52
mixing wave
unique type of peristalsis that mixes and softens food with gastric juices to create chyme they become more and more intense as they reach the pylorus
53
vomiting reflex
coordinated by a region in the medulla called vomiting centre abdominal muscles contract strongly causing abdominal wall to move inward as deep inspirations move diaphragm downward which riases abdominal pressure and squeeezes the stomach lower esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing stomach contents to enter the esophagus strong abdominal contractions push the material through the upper esophogeal sphincter and out through the mouth
54
purpose of segmentation
mixes the chyme in the small intestine and slowly propels it forward
55
what do mimixing moveemnts do
promote digestions by mixing food with digestive juieces facilitate absorption by exposure to surfaces of the digestive tract
56
what happnes during intestinal phase control
intestine distention triggers contractions that propel the intestine contents onward
57
what happens during gastric phase control
hormone gastrin stimulates motility in the ileum and promotes relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter to increase the rate at whcih these contents move into large intestine
58
what happens when the somach is empty
persitaltic migrating motility complexes sweep the intestine clean of its contents
59
what triggers migrating motility complexes
the hormone motilin which targets gastric and instestinal smooth muscle
60
what inhibits motilin
eating food
61
what are the specialized reflexes in the small intestine
instesine instestinal reflex ileogastric reflex gastroileal reflex
62
intestine intestinal reflex
severe distention or injury to any portion of the small intestine inhibits contractile activity thorughout the rest of the intestine this protects the injured part from further stretching and additional injury
63
ileogastric reflex
distention of the ileum cuases inhibition of gastric motility which decreases the rate at which chyme enters the duodenum
64
gastroileal reflex
presence of chyme in the stomach triggers increased motility in the ileum
65
haustration
very slow segmentaion where segments (haustra) are delineated by permament folds in the intestinal wall
66
haustration speed
significantly slower than segmentation- about 2 contractions per hour
67
mass movements
3-4x per day GMC- giant migrating contractioons of the colon like a persitaltic wave except that a portin of the intestine contrcats for a longer time before relaxing propel the luminal contents forward rapidly and sweep the colon clean
68
colonocolonic reflex
distention of one part of the colon induces relazatino of the other parts
69
gastrocolonic reflex
presence of a meal in the stomach triggers an increase in colonic motility and an increase in the frequency of mass movements
70
what triggers the defacatino reflex
distention of the rectum from the colon which initiates 1, SM contraction in wall of rectum. further inc in pressure by persitaltic contrcations of the sigmoid colon that propel fecal matter into rectum 2, interal anal sphincter relaxes while the external anal sphincter contracts preventing material from exiting the body 3, external anal sphincter relaxes allowing defacation to proceed when pressure in rectum reaches a certain level

MED310B (11 decks)

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