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MED310B > gut hormone secretion > Flashcards

gut hormone secretion Flashcards

1
Q

what do exocrine gland cells in the GI tract do

A

secrete substances into the lumen of the GI tract via the glands duct system

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2
Q

what do endocrine gland cells in the GI tract do

A

secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

what secretes digestive juices

A

exocrine glands

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4
Q

what do gastrointestinal hormones do

A

modulate digestive motility and exocrine gland secretion

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5
Q

how many and what are the digestive juices secreted into the alimentary canal

A

1, saliva: salivary gland
2, gastric juice: gastric mucosa
3, pancreatic juice: exocrine pancreas
4, intestinal juice: intestinal mucosa
5, bile: hepatic gland

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6
Q

makeup of saliva

A

99.5% water
0.5% electrolytes and protein

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7
Q

function of saliva

A

begins digestion of carbs via salivary amylase
facilitates swallowing and aids speech
lysozyme is antibacterial
rinses out mouth and teeth white bicarbonate buggers neutralize acids preventing cavities
serves as solvent for molecules

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8
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

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9
Q

parotid gland

A

secrete 20% of the total saliva. contains amylase to begin the digestion of starches

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10
Q

submandibular gland

A

secrete a mix of both serous fluid and mucus. 65-70% of saliva produced by this

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11
Q

sublingual glands

A

produce mainly mucous
5% of saliva

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12
Q

what digestive secretion is entirely under neural control

A

salivary secretion
all other secretions are regulated by both nervous system reflexes and hormones

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13
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of salivary secretion

A

produces lots of watery saliva that is rich in enzymes

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14
Q

sympathetic stimulation of salivary secretion

A

produces much smaller volume of thick saliva that is rich in mucus

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15
Q

what is gastric juice responsible for and hwere

A

most chemical digestion begins in the stomach via gastric juice

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16
Q

what does gastric juice contain

A

water, HCl, electrolytes, mucus, pepsins, and protein
it is highly acidic and rich in digestive enzymes

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17
Q

pH of stomach lumen

A

2

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the low stomach pH

A
  1. activates pepsinongen to become active pepsin
  2. aids in the breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibres
  3. denatures protein
  4. kills microorganisms ingested with food
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19
Q

control of gastric secretion phases

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
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20
Q

cephalic phase

A

thinking about, tasting, smelling, chewing, swallowing good increases gastric secretion by vagal nerve activity

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21
Q

gastric phase

A

begins when food actually reaches the stomach
presence of protein, stomach distention, caffeine, and alcohol all inc gastric secretion

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22
Q

intestinal phase

A

fat, acid, hypertonicity, or distention in the duodenum inhibit gastric secretions
intestianl phase shuts off the flow of gastric juices when chyme begins to be emptied into the small intestine

23
Q

what cells secrete gastric juice

A

exocrine cells within the mucosa

24
Q

how is gastric mucosa organized

A

arranged into invaginated gastric pits

25
Q

secretory cells in the stomach lining

A

mucous cells
eipthelial cells
parietal cells
chief cells

26
Q

what do mucous cells secrete

A

thin water mucus

27
Q

what do epithelial cells secrete

A

thick viscous alkaline mucus over the surface of the mucosa

28
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

produce both HCl and instrinsic factor

29
Q

what do chief cells do

A

secrete pepsinogen, the inactive proenzyem form of pepsin

30
Q

what is H. pylori

A

infection and overuse of NSAIDS that leads to compromise of the protective mucous

once the mucous layer is compromised, pepsin and HCl cause extensive damage to the stomach wall creating the ulcer

LEADING TO A PEPTIC ULCER

31
Q

What happnes to chyme in the small intestine

A

mixed with secretinos of the exocrine pancreas and liver that are released intot he duodemun lumen

32
Q

a mixed gland that contains both exocrine and endocrine tissue

A

the pancreas

33
Q

exocrine secretory cells in the pancreas

A

from sacs known as acini which connect to ducts that empty into the duodenum

34
Q

endocrine tissue in the pancreas

A

islets of langehans
secrete insulin and glucagon

35
Q

what is the exocrine pancrease made up of and what does it secrete

A

secretes pancreatic jucie consisting of two components
1. pancreatic enzymes secreted by the acinal cells: trypsinogen, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase
2. aqueous alkaline solution secreted by duct cells

36
Q

what does the biliary system include

A

liver, gallbaldder, assocaited ducts

37
Q

where is bile secreted

A

into the duodenal lumen to aid in lipid digestion

38
Q

small intestine secretions

A

small intestine mucosa scretes an aqueous salt and mucous solution called succus entericus (juice of the intestine)

secretion increases in response to the presence of chyme in the small intestine

39
Q

large intestine secretions

A

colonic secretion consists of an alkaline mucous solutions whose function is to protect the large intestine mucosa from injury, facilitate passage of the feces, and neutralizes irritating acids produced by local bacterial fermentations

40
Q

what does cistic fibrosis affect digestive secretions

A

impairs them

41
Q

CFTR mutations leads to

A

impaired chloride transport

42
Q

CFTR involved in

A

exocrine gland secretions: sweat, mucus, and digestive fluids

43
Q

gastrointestinal hormones

A

secreted into the blood by endocrine gland cells found in the digestive tract mucosa

44
Q

function of gastrointestinal homrones

A

control digestive motility and exocrine gland secretion

exert eithe rexcitatory or inhibitory influences on smooth muscle and exocrine gland cells

45
Q

G cells- where and what

A

found only in the PGA gastric pits, secrete gastrin

46
Q

what do enerochromaffin like cells (ECL) cells secrete

A

histamine

47
Q

what do D cells secrete

A

somatostatin in response to acid

48
Q

gastrin

A

-stimulated by prottein in the stomach
-increases HCl and pepsinogen secretion
-enhaces gastric motility, stimulates ileal motility, relaxes the ielocecal sphincter and induces mass movements in the colon
-gastrin secretion is inhibited by an accumulation of acid in the stomach and duodenal lumen

49
Q

ghrelin

A

produced by endocrine cells of the stomach

often called hunger hormone because it increases food intake

may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and gastric acid secretion

50
Q

secretin

A

-stimulated by acid i nthe duodenum
-inhibits gastric emptying to prevent further acid from entering the duodemun
-inhibits gastric secretion to reduce the amount of acid being produced
-stimulates pancreatic and liver NaHCO3 secretion which neutralizes duodenum acid

51
Q

CCK

A

-stimulated by fat and other neutrients i nthe -duodenum, inhibits gastric motility and secretino
-stimulates pancreatic acinal cells to secrete pancreatic enzymes
-cause contractino of the gallbladder to empty bile into the duodenum
-important regulator of food intake

52
Q

motilin

A

-secreted by endocrine M cells whtin crypts of the small intestine
-motilin is released into the general circulation during fasting period of in between meals
-motilin release is inhibited by feeding
-increases gastrointestinal motility

53
Q

GLP-1

A

-secreted by intestineal L cells in response to nutrients in lumen of small intestine
-promotes insulin sensitivity and inslin secretion from pancreas
-inhibits gastric secretions and gastric emptying in the stomach
-increases satiety thereby reducing food intake

MED310B (11 decks)

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