Growth factors, demographic transition

Question 1

external growth factors

Answer 1

Economics and politics
War
Economic collapse
Healthcare
Disease – e.g., heart disease, respiratory infections
AIDS in Sub-Saharan African countries
Sanitation
Location 
Environment
Pollution – as many as 5.5 million annual deaths from air pollution
Natural disasters – e.g., Indian Ocean earthquake/tsunami of 2004  220,000+ deaths
Agriculture
Food production

Question 2

Internal Growth Factors

Answer 2

Socio-cultural and religious values
Biology
Fecundity – ability to reproduce
Fertility – actual production of offspring
Two metrics
crude birth rate: number of births per year per thousand persons
total fertility rate: number of births per woman during entire reproductive life
Affected by all external factors – but also culture, access to birth control

Question 3

how many people are in a given age bracket

Answer 3

population pyramids

Question 4

average age a newborn can expect to live

Answer 4

life expectancy

Question 5

decline of death rates and birth rates accompanied by economic development

Answer 5

Demographic transition

Question 6

Stage 1 – pre-modern

Answer 6

High death rates and birth rates

Question 7

Stage 2 – urbanizing/industrializing

Answer 7

Increased standard of living

Death rates fall, birth rates remain constant  population growth

Question 8

Stage 3 – mature/industrial

Answer 8

Death rates continue to fall and birth rates start to fall

Population grows until birth/death rates stabilize

Question 9

Stage 4 – post-industrial

Answer 9

Birth and death rates are low and stable

Often an older-shifted age distribution

Question 10

Approaches to completing the demographic transition

Answer 10

Education, economic opportunities for women
Delayed marriage/children, more control over fertility (e.g., Kerala, India)
Carrots and sticks
Incentivizing fewer births, punishing too many (e.g., Andra Pradesh, India)