Energy, energy cycles, organism organization Flashcards

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1
Q

the ability to do work (including heating)

A

energy

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2
Q

Forms of energy

A

Kinetic energy and potential energy

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3
Q

Energy due to motion

A

Kinetic energy

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4
Q

thermal energy

A

microscale

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5
Q

rigid body motion

A

macroscale

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6
Q

Energy that is stored, and may eventually be released

A

potential energy

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7
Q

chemical energy

A

microscale

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8
Q

gravitational energy

A

macroscale

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9
Q

study of how energy is transferred

A

Thermodynamics

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10
Q

energy is conserved, neither created nor destroyed, can only be recycled

A

1st law

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11
Q

each energy transfer reduces the amount of energy available to do work

A

2nd law

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12
Q

Entropy (i.e., chaos/disorder)

A

tends to increase in all natural systems so, we need a constant input of energy to maintain life.

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13
Q

Main transfer processes

A

work and heat

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14
Q

applying a force over a certain distance

A

work

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15
Q

energy transferred between objects of different temperature

A

heat

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16
Q

capturing energy from sun, air, and water

A

photosynthesis

17
Q

energy sources

A

solar and chemical energy

18
Q

Performed by primary producers/plants
How much energy? 1,372 joules per second per square meter
½ reflected/absorbed by clouds, dust, gases
½ that reaches us – 10% UV, 45% visible, 45% IR
Most absorbed by land/water or reflected into space
Only 1–2% of sunlight that reaches plants used for photosynthesis

A

photosynthesis

19
Q

capturing energy from inorganic compounds (e.g., deep sea bacteria)

A

Chemosynthesis

20
Q

Water molecules are split, oxygen is released
Source of nearly all oxygen in the atmosphere
Source of many complex organic molecules

A

photosynthesis

21
Q

fuel is decomposed to release energy
Carbon and hydrogen are split from sugar molecules
Combined with oxygen to recreate carbon dioxide and water

A

cellular respiration

22
Q

Most water stored in oceans, but cycles throughout planet via evaporation, precipitation, and percolation
Human impacts - pollution

A

hydrologic cycle

23
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration, sedimentation and fossil fuel burning
Human impact – shortening residence time of carbon in carbon sinks (sedimentary deposits, forests), increasing net atmospheric CO2

A

carbon cycle

24
Q

Nitrogen fixing and bacterial decomposition is key
Human impact – synthetic fertilizers, nitrogen-fixing crops, fossil fuel burning  more nitrogen than land can process
Eutrophication of water (nutrient overloading  explosion of plant live  oxygen consumption during decay)
acidification of water
Increase in atmospheric N2O

A

nitrogen cycle

25
Q

No atmospheric component
Sedimentation and erosion based, very slow
Human impacts – increased mining for use in fertilizers, detergents
Runoff into water - eutrophication

A

phosphorous cycle

26
Q

Most stored in rocks and minerals
Released via weathering, deep sea vents, and volcanic eruptions
Human impacts – decreased residence time via fossil fuel extraction and burning
Increased atmospheric sulfuric acid leads to acid rain
Sulfur dioxide can cause health and vegetation damage but also might offset GHGs by providing cloud cover, thus increasing Earth’s reflectivity

A

sulfur cycle

27
Q

organisms of the same kind

A

species

28
Q

all members of a species living in a given area at the same time

A

population

29
Q

all populations living and interacting in a given area

A

biological community

30
Q

biological community and its physical environment; productivity – amount of biomass produced in an area in a given time

A

ecosystem

31
Q

feeding status of an organism

A

trophic level

32
Q

Energy transfer between trophic levels

A

General rule – 10% moves from one level to the next

33
Q

feeding categories

A
Autotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Scavengers
Detritivores
Decomposer
34
Q

individual chain of who eats whom in an ecosystem

A

food chain

35
Q

multiple food chains interconnected

A

food webs

36
Q

illustrates how energy moves through a ecosystem

A

ecological pyramid