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PHYSICS 1009 > Basica of ES/key issues, environmental thought/scientific thinking/systems, feedback loops, fundamentals of life > Flashcards

Basica of ES/key issues, environmental thought/scientific thinking/systems, feedback loops, fundamentals of life Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates

A

environmental science

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2
Q

the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity

A

environmental science

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3
Q

the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties

A

environmental science

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4
Q

Physical sciences + social sciences (it is integrative)
Physics, chemistry, biology, geography
Political science, economics, communications

A

environmental science

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5
Q

a type of “is” statement

A

descriptive

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6
Q

a type of “ought” or “should” statement

A

prescription

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7
Q

Detailed accounts of factors involved in pollution, conservation of resources, population dynamics, etc.

A

observation

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8
Q

Our capacity for making observations is limited

A

uncertainty

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9
Q

Examining underlying premises/assumptions

Acknowledging uncertainty

A

critical/analytical thinking

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10
Q

Population stabilization in industrialized countries
Medical advances
Renewable energy sources
Increased political commitment to conservation
Increased access to information and education
Marine protected areas and improved fishery management

A

signs of progress

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11
Q

environment-focused values

A

ecocentrism

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12
Q

E.g., Aldo Leopold, Rachel Carson

A

eco-scientific

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13
Q

E.g., Buddhism, John Muir, and aesthetic philosophies

A

eco-religious/moral

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14
Q

human-focused values

A

anthropocentrism

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15
Q

E.g., Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Adam Smith and the “invisible hand,” Garret Hardin and the “Tragedy of the Commons”

A

self-interest

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16
Q

E.g., Gifford Pinchot and Teddy Roosevelt

A

utilitarian/pragmatism

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17
Q

Scientific
Cultural, social, and indigenous
Emotional and visceral

A

forms of environmental knowledge

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18
Q

the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

A

scientific thought

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19
Q

a systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject

A

scientific thought

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20
Q

a systematic enterprise that builds and organizesknowledgein the form of testable explanations and predictions about nature and theuniverse

A

scientific thought

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21
Q

the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence

A

scientific thought

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22
Q

“Father of science”

A

Thales of Miletus

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23
Q

Predicted solar eclipse

A

Thales of Miletus

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24
Q

Most famous theory: water as the single material substance

A

Thales of Miletus

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25
Q

Proposed rational hypotheses: Earth floats atop water, earthquakes are the result of waves

A

Thales of Miletus

26
Q

Major point: naturalistic explanation rather than supernatural explanation

A

Thales of Miletus

27
Q

Logic, philosophy

A

Antiquity

28
Q

geocentric model of universe

A

Ptolemy 1st century

29
Q

observation of stars, rotation of Earth (rather than sky)

A

Aryabhata 5th century

30
Q

invention of gun powder based on experimentation

A

Chinese 6th century

31
Q

developed formal concept of scientific experiment, explained vision as light entering the eye

A

Alhazen 1000 CE

32
Q

Copernican revolution
Enlightenment , “Scientific Revolution,” and broader adoption of empiricism
Information based on observation and measurement

A

mid-1500s

33
Q

Based on observation of the natural and social world
All about asking “why” and “how” questions
Systematic search for knowledge
Cumulative – evidence supports theories, doesn’t prove them

A

modern scientific thought

34
Q

logical, orderly, analytical assessment of ideas, evidence, and arguments

A

critical thought

35
Q

network of interdependent components and processes, with materials and energy flowing from one component of the system to another

A

definition of system

36
Q

Types of systems

A

open and closed systems

37
Q

stable balance

A

Equilibrium

38
Q

the outputs of a system are routed back as inputs

A

Feedback loops

39
Q

changes in one state variable lead to an increase in that variable

A

positive loop

40
Q

changes in one state variable lead to a decrease in that variable

A

negative loop

41
Q

cannot be created or destroyed, but is recycled/changes forms

A

conservation of matter

42
Q

matter that cannot be broken down into simpler components by ordinary chemical reactions

A

elements

43
Q

smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element

A

atoms

44
Q

characteristics of atoms

A

protons (+), electrons(-), neutrons

45
Q

number of protons in an atom, defining component of an element

A

Atomic number

46
Q

same number of protons but different number of neutrons, different atomic mass

A

isotopes

47
Q

all atoms or molecules in the substance are identical, exist in particular, fixed ratios

A

pure substances

48
Q

substances that can’t be decomposed

A

elements

49
Q

substances that can be decomposed

A

compounds

50
Q

more than one type of atom or molecule in the substance; variable compositions (e.g., 50% sugar solution)

A

mixtures

51
Q

gain/loss of electrons

A

electric charge

52
Q

atoms that have gained/lost electrons

A

ions

53
Q

negative ion

A

anion

54
Q

positive ion

A

cation

55
Q

give H+ ions into solution

A

acids

56
Q

give OH– ions into solution

A

bases

57
Q

concentration of H+ ions in a solution

A

pH

58
Q

complex molecules based on chains/rings of carbon

A

organic compounds

59
Q

fats/oils, store energy

A

lipids

60
Q

sugars/starches, store energy

A

carbohydrates

61
Q

made of amino acids, provide cell structure

A

proteins

62
Q

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base, DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

PHYSICS 1009 (11 decks)

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