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Endocrinology > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the protocols for correctly measuring height?

A

Shoes and socks off
Person has to be straight
Person looking straight infront
Back of the body has to touch the heard plate at the back

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2
Q

When would you measure length?

A

When there is something preventing you from measuring height

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3
Q

When is sitting height measured?

A

When the body is disproportionate

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4
Q

Who is head circumference measuring routine in ?

A

Children <2yrs

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5
Q

Where do you measure when measuring head circumference ?

A

From forehead to occipital prominence

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6
Q

What does BMI calculate?

A

Weight based on height

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7
Q

How is bone age measured?

A

By the epiphyseal plates

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8
Q

What are the components of the tanner method measuring puberty?

A
  • B -> 1 to 5 (breast development) females
  • G -> 1 to 5 (genital development) males
  • P -> 1 to 5 (pubic hair)
  • AH -> 1 to 3 (axillary hair)
  • T -> (testicular volume) 2 ml to 20 ml
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9
Q

What is 1 in tanner staging?

A

No puberty

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10
Q

What is 2 in tanner staging?

A

Beginning of puberty

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11
Q

What is 5 in tanner staging?

A

Adult

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12
Q

What factors influence height?

A 
Age
Sex
Race
Nutrition 
Parental heights 
Puberty 
Skeletal maturity 
General health 
Chronic disease
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13
Q

Do M or F go into puberty earlier?

A

F

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14
Q

What is usually the first thing to happen in male puberty?

A

Testicular growth

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15
Q

Who has the longer growth spurt M or F?

A

M

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16
Q

When do you refer children about height?

A 
When:
extremely tall or short 
abnormal height velocity 
history of chronic disease 
Obvious dysmorphic syndrome 
Early/late puberty
17
Q

What are some common causes of short stature?

A

Familial

Constitutional

18
Q

What are pathological causes of short stature?

A 
Undernutrition 
Chronic illness 
Iatrogenic 
Psychological and social 
Hormonal 
Syndromes
19
Q

Who are you worried about with short stature?

A

Obese patients

20
Q

What is considered early and late puberty in females?

A

<8 years

>13 years

21
Q

What is considered early and late puberty in males?

A

<9 years

>14 years

22
Q

What is is CDGP?

A

Constitutional delay of growth and puberty

23
Q

What is the management for ambiguous genitalia?

A

Do not guess the sex of the baby
Multidisciplinary approach
USS or the gonads
Karyotype

24
Q

What needs to be excluded in ambiguous genitalia?

A

Congenital Adrenal crisis

25
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in acquired form?

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Hashmoto’s

26
Q

What are some issues caused by acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Lack of height
Pubertal delay
Poor school performance

27
Q

What is the main thing to remember about obesity?

A

Obese + Short = Abnormal

28
Q

What are causes of obesity in children?

A 
Simple obesity 
Drugs 
Syndromes 
Endocrine problems 
Hypothalamic damage
29
Q

Drugs that cause obesity in children

A

Insulin
Steroids
Anti-thyroid drugs

30
Q

What causes simple obesity

A

There is more energy input than output

31
Q

What is the main type of diabetes in children?

A

Type I

32
Q

What are the THINK symptoms for diabetes?

A

Thirsty
Thinner
Tired
Using toilet more

33
Q

What is the immediate test for DM?

A

Finger prick capillary glucose test

34
Q

What result of finger prick test would indicate DM?

A

> 11 mmol/L = DM

<11 mmol/L = something else

35
Q

What are the think symptoms for children <5 in DM?

A
  • Heavier than usual nappies
  • Blurred vision
  • Candidiasis (oral, vulval)
  • Constipation
  • Recurring skin infections
  • Irritability
  • Behavioural changes
36
Q

What are the symptoms for DKA?

A 
Nausea and vomiting 
Abdominal pain 
Sweet smelling breath 
Drowsiness 
Rapid deep sighing respiration 
Coma
37
Q

What do you not request for in DKA immediately?

A

Urine specimen
Fasting blood glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test
Lab results

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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