Growth and Development Flashcards
What are some of the protocols for correctly measuring height?
Shoes and socks off
Person has to be straight
Person looking straight infront
Back of the body has to touch the heard plate at the back
When would you measure length?
When there is something preventing you from measuring height
When is sitting height measured?
When the body is disproportionate
Who is head circumference measuring routine in ?
Children <2yrs
Where do you measure when measuring head circumference ?
From forehead to occipital prominence
What does BMI calculate?
Weight based on height
How is bone age measured?
By the epiphyseal plates
What are the components of the tanner method measuring puberty?
- B -> 1 to 5 (breast development) females
- G -> 1 to 5 (genital development) males
- P -> 1 to 5 (pubic hair)
- AH -> 1 to 3 (axillary hair)
- T -> (testicular volume) 2 ml to 20 ml
What is 1 in tanner staging?
No puberty
What is 2 in tanner staging?
Beginning of puberty
What is 5 in tanner staging?
Adult
What factors influence height?
Age Sex Race Nutrition Parental heights Puberty Skeletal maturity General health Chronic disease
Do M or F go into puberty earlier?
F
What is usually the first thing to happen in male puberty?
Testicular growth
Who has the longer growth spurt M or F?
M
When do you refer children about height?
When: extremely tall or short abnormal height velocity history of chronic disease Obvious dysmorphic syndrome Early/late puberty
What are some common causes of short stature?
Familial
Constitutional
What are pathological causes of short stature?
Undernutrition Chronic illness Iatrogenic Psychological and social Hormonal Syndromes
Who are you worried about with short stature?
Obese patients
What is considered early and late puberty in females?
<8 years
>13 years
What is considered early and late puberty in males?
<9 years
>14 years
What is is CDGP?
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty
What is the management for ambiguous genitalia?
Do not guess the sex of the baby
Multidisciplinary approach
USS or the gonads
Karyotype
What needs to be excluded in ambiguous genitalia?
Congenital Adrenal crisis
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in acquired form?
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Hashmoto’s
What are some issues caused by acquired hypothyroidism?
Lack of height
Pubertal delay
Poor school performance
What is the main thing to remember about obesity?
Obese + Short = Abnormal
What are causes of obesity in children?
Simple obesity Drugs Syndromes Endocrine problems Hypothalamic damage
Drugs that cause obesity in children
Insulin
Steroids
Anti-thyroid drugs
What causes simple obesity
There is more energy input than output
What is the main type of diabetes in children?
Type I
What are the THINK symptoms for diabetes?
Thirsty
Thinner
Tired
Using toilet more
What is the immediate test for DM?
Finger prick capillary glucose test
What result of finger prick test would indicate DM?
> 11 mmol/L = DM
<11 mmol/L = something else
What are the think symptoms for children <5 in DM?
- Heavier than usual nappies
- Blurred vision
- Candidiasis (oral, vulval)
- Constipation
- Recurring skin infections
- Irritability
- Behavioural changes
What are the symptoms for DKA?
Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Sweet smelling breath Drowsiness Rapid deep sighing respiration Coma
What do you not request for in DKA immediately?
Urine specimen
Fasting blood glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test
Lab results
