Anatomy of the Endocrine System Flashcards
In which bone does the PG sit?
In the sphenoid bone
What is the hollow called where the PG sits?
Hypophysial fossa
In the sphenoid bone
How is the PG related to the optic chiasma?
Optic chiasma lies directly superior
Which fibres from the optic nerve cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?
Nasal
What is the visual defect if the PG pushes on the optic chiasma?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Which is the larger lobe of the PG?
Anterior
Which part of the PG has an endocrine function?
Anterior
Which part of the PG has a neuroendocrine function?
Posterior PG
Where does the posterior PG extend from?
Hypothalamus
Which hormones does the posterior PG secrete?
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
What are the types of chromophils in the anterior PG?
Acidophil
Basophil
What are the classes of hormones released by acidophil?
Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs
What is the secretory produce of somatotrophs?
Somatotrophin
What is the secretory product of mammotrophs?
Prolactin
What are the classes of basophils?
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
What do corticotrophs secrete?
ACTH
MSH
What do thyrotrophs release?
Thyrotrophin
TRH
What do the gonadotrophs release?
LH
FSH
What is the blood supply to the PG?
brnaches of ICA
superior and inferior hypophysial arteries
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior PG?
Through the hypophyseal portal system
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior PG?
PPG is a continuation of the hypothalamus
Through neural communication
What does the thyroid gland lie anterior to?
Trachea
Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland located?
C5-T1
Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie opposite to?
2nd to 4th tracheal rings
Which 3 strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Which 2 nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cord?
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Superior laryngeal n.
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve run?
Between the trachea and oesophagus
Where does the superior laryngeal nerve run?
Runs close to the superior thyroid artery
From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid a. arise from ?
ECA
From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?
Thyrocervical trunk
Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?
IJV
Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?
IJV
Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?
Brachiocephalic vein
Which type of cell on histology can you see lining the follicle in the thyroid gland?
Epithelium
Simple cuboidal
What colour does the colloid stain (thyroid gland) in H&E staining?
pink
What are the cells inbetween folllicles?
C cells
What do c cells secrete?
Calcitonin
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine
How many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4
Where do the parathyroid gland lie in relation to the thyroid gland?
Posterior
Where are the superior parathyroid glands located?
Level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Where are the inferior parathyroid glands located?
Usually near the inferior poles of the thyroid
What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?
Inferior thyroid artery
Which hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?
PTH
What is the role of PTH?
Regulating calcium in the body
Which cells does PTH act on?
Osteoclasts to release calcium
Inhibiting osteoblasts to reduce Ca2+ deposition
Increases kidney reabsorption of Ca2+
How are the adrenal glands separated from the kidneys?
By means of a capsule
What is the peritonisation of the adrenal glands?
Retroperitoneal
What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
What is the embryological origin of the cortex?
Mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of the medulla?
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest cells
How many suprarenal veins are there?`
One
Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right side?
IVC
Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the left side?
Left renal vein
Describe blood supply to the adrenal glands
Superior adrenal artery
Middle adrenal artery
Inferior adrenal artery
What are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex?
Outer zona glomerulosa
Middle zona fasciculata
Inner zona reticularis
What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the adrenal cortex?
Glomerulosa - aldosterone
Fasciculata - cortisol
Reticularis - androgens (sex hormones)
What is the peritonisation of the pancreas?
Retroperitoneal
What cell types are found within the islets of langerhan?
Alpha
Beta
Delta
F
What do alpha islet cells secrete?
Glucagon
What do beta islet cells secrete?
Insulin
What do delta islet cells secrete?
Somatostatin
What do F islet cells secrete?
Pancreatic polypeptide
Name an artery that runs on the posterior aspect of the pancreas?
Splenic artery
How is pancreatic tissue arranged structurally?
Acinus
Where does the superior adrenal artery arise from?
Inferior phrenic artery
Where does middle adrenal artery arise from?
Abdominal aorta
Where does inferior adrenal artery arise from?
Renal arteries
Where do parathyroid glands drain?
Into thyroid plexus of veins
