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Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the superior pole of the kidney

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2
Q

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Where does the left adrenal vein drain?

A

Into the left renal vein

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4
Q

Where does the right renal vein drain?

A

Directly into the IVC

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal Cortex

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6
Q

What % of the adrenal gland is the medulla and cortex?

A

Cortex - 75%

Medulla - 25%

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7
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is the true endocrine portion?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Neural crest tissue

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9
Q

What are the 3 classes of steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids

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10
Q

Which sex hormones do males and females circulate?

A

All 3 of them
But men secrete more testosterone
And females secrete more progesterone and oestrogen

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11
Q

Which hormones does the medulla secrete?

A

Catceholamines:
Mainly epinephrine
Noriepinephrine and dopamine

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

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13
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids

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15
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Sex hormones

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16
Q

What type of horomones does the adrenal gland produce (peptide, steroid ect)?

A

Steroid hormones

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17
Q

What are the main products of the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

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18
Q

What is DHEA?

A

A pre-hormone of testosterone and oestrogen

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19
Q

What is a defect in 21-hydroxylase a common cause for?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting in deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol

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20
Q

How does lack of 21-hydroxylase cause enlargement of the adrenal glands?

A

Lack of 21-deydroxylase inhibits the synthesis of cortisol
Removes negative feedback on ACTH and CRH release
This increases ACTH and is reposnsible for the enlargement of the adrenal glands

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21
Q

What controls the release of ACTH from the anterior PG?

A

CRH from the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What controls the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH from the anterior PG

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23
Q

What happens to the negative feedback loop of ACTH on CRH in 21-hydroxylase?

A

It remains

24
Q

What class of hormone is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid

25
Q

How does cortisol travel in the blood?

A

Bound to carrier proteins

26
Q

Which cells have cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors?

A

All nucleated cells

27
Q

Which cells in the body can repsond to glucocorticoid hormones?

A

All cells

28
Q

Why is cortisol bound to a carrier protein?

A

Because it is a steroid hormone - meaning it it hydrophobic

Able to travel in the plasma bound to a carrier protein

29
Q

Can bound cortisol diffuse into the target cell?

A

No only unbound hormone can diffuse

30
Q

What is cortisol crucial for?

A

Helping to protect the brain from hypoglycaemia

31
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on gluconeogeneis?

A

Stimulates the formation of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver thus enhanching gluconeogeneis and glucose production

32
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on proteolysis?

A

Stimualtes the breakdown of muscle proteins to provide gluconeogenic substrates for the liver

33
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on lipolysis?

A

Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue releasing free FA creating an alternative fuel source

34
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on insulin sensitivity?

A

Decreases insulin sensitivty of muscle and fat tissue

35
Q

How does cortisol act on insulin?

A

Acts to oppose it

36
Q

Why is excess cortisol diabetogenic?

A

Because it acts to oppose inuslin

37
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on Ca2+?

A

Has a negative effect
decrease absorption from gut,
increases excretion at kidney resulting in net Ca2+ loss. Also increase bone resorption - osteoporosis

38
Q

How does cortisol affect mood and behaviour?

A

Causes depression and impaired cognitiion when too high

39
Q

How does cortisol affect the immune system?

A

Reduces cirulatory lymphocytes count, reduces antibody formation and inhibits inflammatory response

40
Q

What class of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

41
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

Increases reabsorption of Na+ and promotes excretion of K+

42
Q

What controls the release of aldosterone?

A

The RAAS system

43
Q

What is the effect of increases aldosterone?

A

Release stimulates Na+ retention and K+ depletion

Resulting in increase blood volume and increased BP

44
Q

What is the effect of decreased aldosterone?

A

Leads to Na+ loss and increase K+ retenton

Resulting in diminished blood volume and decrease blood BP

45
Q

What is the most common cause of hypersecretion of cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Disease/sydrome

46
Q

What is hypersecretion of cortisol most commonly due to?

A

A tumor in the adrenal cortex

47
Q

What is the difference between Cushing’s disease and syndrome?

A

Syndrome - when the problem is in the adrenal cortex

Syndrome - when the problem is in the pituitary gland

48
Q

Which is more common cortisol hyper or hyposecretion?

A

Hyper

49
Q

What is the most common cause of cortisol hypersecretion?

A

Addison’s

50
Q

Do post ganglionic fibres in the adrenal medulla have axons?

A

No they release adrenaline directly into the blood

51
Q

What is phechromocytoma>

A

Rare endocrine tumour found in the adrenal medulla

52
Q

What can happen iwhen glucocorticoid treatment is withdrawn too fast?

A

Adrenal insufficiency can occur

53
Q

What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

A

salt and mineral balance and blood volume

54
Q

What do glucocorticoids influence?

A

Metabolism rates of protein, fats and glucose

55
Q

Where does aldosterone act on?

A

The kidneys

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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