Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MODULE 1: BASIC AND APPLIED BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. 65Q > Growth and Development 25% 16Q > Flashcards

Growth and Development 25% 16Q Flashcards

1
Q

which synchondroses is thought to be the driving force for skull base growth? when does it fuse?

A

spheno-occipital
12-15 yrs of age (SG says 15-17)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the type of growth that the condyle induces

A

regional adaptive growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: the condyle a major growth center for the mandible

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: the periosteum continues to function as an osteogenic zone throughout life

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Enlows “V principle” says that complex bones maintain their characteristic shape by ________ on the inside of the V in the direction of growth, and __________ on the outside

A

deposition
resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the name of the embryonic swelling which gives rise to the tongue? (anterior 2/3)

A

tuberculum impar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the foramen cecum is formed during the embryological descent of the…

A

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_______ growth is the result of hyperplasia and hypertrophy in soft tissue

A

interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___________ growth is the result of hyperplasia and hypertrophy in hard tissue

A

appositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the ovum stage of fetal development occurs from:

A

fertilization to day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the embryonic period of fetal development occurs from:

A

week 2- week 8 (1-2mo.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most anomalies develop during which stage of fetal development?

A

embryonic period (week 2-8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the fetal stage of fetal development occurs from:

A

week 8- week 36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mesenchymal condensation leads to the formation of ______

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Meckel’s cartilage originates from which branchial arch?

A

1st branchial arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meckel’s cartilage forms 3 structures, name them :

A

malleus
incus
sphenomandibular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: Meckel’s cartilage is a precursor to the Mandible

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the Scammon growth curves, lymphoid tissue shows a decrease in size in the ___________ period because lymph tissues regress as
______ tissues develop

A

circumpubertal
genital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

as seen in the Scammon growth curves, __________ tissue is the first system formed in the embryo

A

neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

According to Scammon growth curves, the maxillary and mandibular curves sit between the _________ and __________ growth curves

A

neural
general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Another name for general Scammon growth curve

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Scammon growth curves: the skeletal genital curve is inversely proportional to the __________ growth curve

A

lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In females, 50% of their growth is complete by age ___

A

age 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

soft tissue thickness increases more with age in: females or males?

A

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Scammon curves: the facial growth curve most closely parallels the _______ curve

A

somatic (general)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

during growth, we see two growth peaks in height, one in early infancy and one in adolescence. Which is largest?

A

peak velocity height (highest growth rate at any age) occurs in adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in girls, peak veloticy height (PVH) happens during stage ___ of development, ____months after onset of puberty. ___ months after PVH, then end of the spurt in marked with menarche

A

II

12

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

in late maturing girls, peak velocity height occurs ___ - ___months before

menarche

A

6 - 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in boys, peak veloticy height (PVH) happens during stage ___ of development.

12 months after their _____ ______ boys undergo puberty.

PVH happens ___ - ___months after the onset of puberty.

The one of the spurt happens ___ - ___ months after PVH

A

III

fat spurt

8-12 months

15-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

branchial arched develop at ____ week from mesodermal outpouching on both sides of developing _________

A

4th

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

________ _________ cells enter the branchial arches and contribute to craniofacial bones and cartilages

A

neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the tongue forms during weeks ___ - ___

A

4 - 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

tongue formation:

anterior ⅔ from the tuberculum impair of the ____ arch

posterior ⅓ from the cupola of the ___ and ___ arches

A

1st

3rd and 4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

formation of the palate begins in the ___ - ___ weeks and completes around ___ months

A

7th - 8th weeks

3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which nerve arises from the 1st branchial arch

A

(V3) Trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

which nerve arises from the 2nd branchial arch

A

(VII) Facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which nerve arises from the 3rd branchial arch

A

(IX) Glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

which nerve arises from the 4th branchial arch

A

(X) Vagus

superior laryngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

which nerve arises from the 6th branchial arch

A

(X) Vagus

recurrent laryngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

which muscles arise from the 1st branchial arch

A

Mm of mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

which muscles arise from the 2nd branchial arch

A

Mm of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

which muscle arises from the 3rd branchial arch

A

stylopharyngeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which muscle arises from the 4th branchial arch

A

cricothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

which muscle arises from the 6th branchial arch

A

Mm of the larynx

(except cricothyroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

which structures arises from the 1st branchial arch (7)

A

malleus

incus

maxilla

mandible

Meckel’s cartilage

temporal bone

external auditory meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

which structures arises from the 2nd branchial arch (4)

A

stapes

hyoid

styloid process

Reichert’s cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

which structures arises from the 3rd branchial arch (3)

A

posterior ⅓ tongue

foramen cecum

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which structures arises from the 4th branchial arch (2)

A

thyroid cartilage

part of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

which structures arises from the 6th branchial arch (?)

A

tongue

other cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

at what age do the mandibular centrals erupt? maxillary?

A

6 mand

7 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

at what age do the mandibular laterals erupt? maxillary?

A

7 mand

8 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

at what age do the mandibular canines erupt? maxillary?

A

9 mand

11 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

at what age do the mandibular first premolars erupt? maxillary?

A

10 mand

10 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

at what age do the mandibular second premolars erupt? maxillary?

A

11 mand

11 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

at what age do the mandibular first molars erupt? maxillary?

A

6 mand

6 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

at what age do the mandibular second molars erupt? maxillary?

A

12 mand

12 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

at what age in months do the primary mandibular centrals erupt? maxillary?

A

6 mand

7 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

at what age in months do the primary mandibular laterals erupt? maxillary?

A

7 mand

9 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

at what age in months do the primary mandibular canines erupt? maxillary?

A

16 mand

18 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

at what age in months do the primary mandibular first molars erupt? maxillary?

A

12 mand

14 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

at what age in months do the primary mandibular second molars erupt? maxillary?

A

20 mand

24 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Primary teeth develop in utero by week ___

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Primary teeth calcify in utero by week ___

A

12-14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

permanent teeth develop in utero by week ___

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

permanent teeth calcify in utero by month ___

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Case scenario: if an 8 yo boy has a central diastema of 1.5mm, what will happen to diastema with age?

A

space will close when U3s erupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

neural crest cells → ectoderm → _______ (which dental structure)

A

enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

neural crest cells → mesoderm → ectomesenchyme → ______ (which dental structures (4)

A

dentin

PDL

pulp

cementum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

ectoderm gives rise to: (4)

A

skin

hair

nails

enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

the enamel organ originates from the dental ______

A

lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

name the 3 components of the enamel organ

A

enamel epithelia

enamel reticulum

ameloblasts

72
Q

which permanent teeth have been calcified by birth?

A

mand. incisors

73
Q

when do permanent teeth begin to calcify ?

A

by birth, month 9

74
Q

In permanent molar formation, 1st molar buds develop at ___ - ___ months, 2nd molar buds develop at year ___, and 3rd molar buds develop at year ___

A

0 - 3 months

year 3

year 9

75
Q

case scenario: in an 11 year old male, his mandibular molar are expected to erupt ____mm in 2 years and his LAFH is expected to increase ___mm per year

A

1.5mm

1mm

76
Q

which tooth shows the greatest variation in onset of mineralization?

A

mandibular 5s

77
Q

what is the minimum number of developmental lobes for any tooth?

A

4

78
Q

which chromosomes play an important role in tooth development? (2 answers)

A

X chromosome

chromosome 4

79
Q

T/F: the synchondroses undergo both endochondrial and intramembranous growth

A

True

80
Q

fusion of the inter sphenoid synchondroses occurs when?

A

complete at birth

81
Q

fusion of the anterior and posterior occipital synchondroses occurs when?

A

between age 3 & 5

82
Q

fusion of the spheno-ethmoidal synchondroses occurs when?

A

7-8 years

83
Q

fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondroses occurs when?

A

age 15-20

84
Q

the sphenoid-occipital synchondroses is also know as the principal ______ _______

A

growth cartilage

85
Q

the cranial base grows by ________________ growth

A

endochondrial

86
Q

Craniofacial complex bones that grow by intramembranous (only) growth (8 types)

A

Parietal (2). ; Frontal (2)

Nasal (2). ; Vomer

Lacrimal (2). ; Maxilla

Palatine ; Zygomatic (2)

87
Q

Craniofacial complex bones that grow by both intramembranous and endochondrial growth (5 types)

A

Occipital

Temporal (2)

Malleus (2)

Mandible

Sphenoid (1)

88
Q

Craniofacial complex bones that grow by endochondrial (only) growth (5 types)

A

Ethmoid

Inferior concha (2)

Incus (2)

Stapes (2)

Hyoid

89
Q

what are the facial primordia?

A

mainly of neural crest cells that have migrated from the cranial crest and settled.

90
Q

name the 5 facial primordia

A

frontonasal prominence

two maxillary prominences

two mandibular prominences

91
Q

what structure surrounds the primordial mouth?

A

stomatodeum

92
Q

almost all of the CT tissues of the face are sourced from _______ _______ cells

A

neural crest

93
Q

The frontonasal prominence gives rise to the: (3)

A

forehead

nose

short margin of the mouth

94
Q

Of the facial structures, which form first?

A

lower jaw and lip

95
Q

the nasal places are surrounded by:

A

medial and lateral nasal prominences

96
Q

T/F: the nasal pit remains connected to mouth

A

True

97
Q

Maxillary prominences grow towards each other, pushing _____ prominences medially

A

nasal

98
Q

greatest dimension of face at birth

A

transverse (width)

99
Q

during growth of the face, which dimensions complete first

A

transverse 1st

AP 2nd

Vertical 3rd

100
Q

the downward and forward direction of facial growth is created by: (4)

A

upward and backward growth of the maxillary sutures

upward and backward growth of the mandibular condyle

vertical eruption of dentition

mesial drift of dentition

101
Q

Adenoid faces are characterized by (4)

A

narrow transverse dimensions ( with high arched palate)

protruding teeth

incompetent lips

not obligatory mouth breathers

102
Q

upper and middle part of the face are formed by what kind of growth

A

intramembranous and endochondrial

103
Q

neurocranium and mid face are formed by what kind of growth?

A

sutural, endochondrial and appositional growth

104
Q

what is the best genetic prototype for predicting facial growth?

A

same sex siblings

105
Q

the tongue reach its full size at what age?

A

8

106
Q

which profile change from adolescence to adulthood is greater? skeleton or ST?

A

ST

107
Q

Which study proved “There is an increase in all facial dimensions in adults. The cumulative effect on the adult facial skeleton was large.”

A

Beherents Study (from Bolton study)

108
Q

in males, which structure never stops growing

A

the nose

109
Q

Nasomaxillary growth occurs at which locations?

A

the sutures and the nose

110
Q

Palatal growth occurs by apposition on the _______ and ________

A

lingual and sutural

111
Q

palatal vertical growth resorption along the __________________ and deposition on the ______________________ with resultant downward movement of palate

A

floor of the nose

roof of the mouth

112
Q

palatal transverse growth occurs via apposition along the _____________________

A

midpalatal suture

113
Q

the palate closes on week ___ of fetal life

A

12

114
Q

palate is composed of what 2 bony structures

A

palatal process of maxilla

horizontal plate of palatine bones

115
Q

T/F: Mandible shows steady growth before puberty

A

True

116
Q

The ramus of the mandible grows ___ - ___ mm per year

A

1-2mm

117
Q

The body of the mandible grows ___ - ___ mm per year

A

2-3mm

118
Q

which bony structure is the smallest at birth when compared to the size of adulthood

A

mandible

119
Q

condylar growth is ____________ and growth of the mandibular body is _______________

A

endochondrial

intramembranous (but appositional is major form of growth)

120
Q

Late Mandibular growth in a patient with tight anterior occlusion may cause: (3)

A

Distal displacement of the mandible

  • *Flaring of the maxillary incisors**
  • *Crowding of the mandibular incisors**
121
Q

when is mandibular/condylar hypoplasia most common?

A

early childhood

122
Q

Rotational growth of the Mandible is shown by: (2)

A

bending of the canal

condylar neck angle

123
Q

Do females have a higher rate of vertical or AP growth of the mandible?

A

vertical

124
Q

The body of mandible lengthens by remodeling (via resorption) of the ________ _________, allowing allows for increase in mandibular corpus length.

A

anterior ramus

125
Q

Condylar pole is 2x wider in the ____________ dimension than in the _______________ dimension

A

transverse > AP

126
Q

mandibular growth sites:

A

Condylar process

posterior border of ramus

dentoalveolar process

127
Q

anterior growth of the chin is caused by resorption at

A

B point

128
Q

Mandibular growth is generally characterized by an _________ and

_________ curving growth at the condyle

A

upward & forward

129
Q

what is the lowest tooth in the mandible at age 8?

A

2nd premolar

130
Q

Bjork 7 signs of growth rotation

A
  1. Inclination of the condylar head
  2. Curvature of the mandibular canal
  3. Shape of inferior border of mandible
  4. Symphysis inclination
  5. Interincisal angle
  6. Interpremolar and intermolar angle
  7. Lower anterior face height
131
Q

most reliable signs of aberrant eruption in maxilla

A

U3s ahead of 4s or 5s

132
Q

most reliable signs of aberrant eruption in mandible

A

L7s ahead L5s

133
Q

first mot common ectopically erupting teeth are ____’s, and the second is ___’s

A

U6’s then U3’s

134
Q

Additional space for eruption of succeeding maxillary molars achieved by

A

downward/forward displacement of maxillary complex

appositional growth at maxillary tuberosity

135
Q

Arch length space for the eruption of succeeding mandibular molars achieved by:

A

resorption at the anterior border of the ramus

136
Q

mechanism of tooth eruption is based on proliferation of cells at the base of the _______ _______ adjacent to the dental follicle

A

bony crypt

137
Q

The amount of eruption after the teeth come into occlusion equals the:

A

vertical growth of the ramus

138
Q

There is equivalent eruption of upper and lower molars between the age of ___ - ___

A

10 - 14

139
Q

Missing teeth in order of incidence

A

Third molars (8s)

Lower second premolars (L5s)

Lateral incisors (2s)

140
Q

Tooth begins to erupt at ____ root formation

A

⅔

141
Q

Apex closes ___ - ___ years after eruption

A

2 - 3

142
Q

Peak incidence of dental trauma at ___ - ___ years

A

8 - 10

143
Q

part of periosteum below growing end of root

A

Hammock ligament

144
Q

Tooth eruption associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:

  1. Elongation of root
  2. Occlusal movement
  3. Mesial movement
  4. Growth of alveolar bone
  5. Resorption of deciduous tooth roots
A

mesial movement

145
Q

The clinical presentation where centrals and laterals in but are spaced is called ____________________ and happens at ___ - ___ yrs of age

A

the ugly duckling stage

7 - 12

146
Q

Non-syndromic tooth agenesis has been related to specific mutations of the _____ and _____ genes in humans

A

MSX1

PAX9

147
Q

When asymptomatic non-ectopic impacted mandibular third molars are followed from a mean age of 20-24 years, ____% of the molars are expected to erupt into a normal position

A

33%

148
Q

Mental retardation is strongly associated with _______ tooth eruption

A

delayed

149
Q

There are ____ chromosomes in a somatic cell (including 2 sex chromosomes)

A

46

150
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half to ___

A

23

151
Q

Name 3 conditions that show an increased prevalence of root resorption

A

hypothyroidism

hypoparathyroidism

Paget’s disease

152
Q

________ and ________ shaped roots more likely to resorb.

A

blunted & pipette

153
Q

T/F: Gender is a risk factor for root resorption

A

False

154
Q

T/F: Root canal treatment is a risk factor for root resorption

A

False (even with trauma history)

155
Q

Root resorption incidence is greatest with _______ compared to ______ injuries due to extraoral drying time.

A

avulsion > luxation

156
Q

Incisors that are traumatically intruded in children over 6mm have only a ___% chance of 5 yr survival, while incisors intruded less than 3mm have a ___% survival rate.

A

50%

100%

157
Q

Risk factors associated with root resorption (2)

A

genetics

previous trauma

158
Q

a normal eruptive force is ___ - ___ gm

A

2-10 gm

159
Q

sesamoid ossification first appears around age ___ for females and ___ for males

A

12.5

at puberty

160
Q

after the first appearance of the sesamoid bone, there are ___ - ___ years of growth left, meaning ___ - ___% of growth remains

A

2 - 3 yrs

60 - 70%

161
Q

Sesamoid ossification is represented by SMI ___

A

4

162
Q

Sesamoid ossification appears in females at around age ___, when only ___ % of their growth is complete

A

11

33%

163
Q

Sesamoid ossification appears in males at around age ___, when only ___ % of their growth is complete

A

12

29%

164
Q

Sesamoid ossifies ___ year prior (at start of puberty) to the pubertal maximum growth spurt when the PVH is reached: in female this is at age ___, in males this is at age ___

A

1

12

13

165
Q

SMI 6 is represented by___ capping and means that ___% of growth remains

A

MP3

50%

166
Q

SMI 7 is represented by___ capping and means that ___% of growth remains

A

MP5

25%

167
Q

the growth spurt happens between SMI stages ___ and ___

A

6 & 7

168
Q

the SMI stage signaling the end of the growth spurt is the SMI ___ when you see __________ of epiphysis and diaphysis of distal phalanx of ___ finger

A

SMI8

fusion

3rd

169
Q

the primary growth center of a long bone is the

A

epiphysis

170
Q

the shaft of a long bone is called its

A

diaphysis

171
Q

carpals are in the ______

__________ are in the hand and

___________ and in the fingers

A

wrist

metacarpals

phalanges

172
Q

CVM II is represented by concavities at the lower borders of both ___ and ___ are present. Bodies of C3 and C4 may be trapezoid or rectangular horizontal in shape.

A

C2 and C3

173
Q

Peak Mn growth occurs one year after CBM stage ___

A

II

174
Q

CVM stage ___ represents the ideal stage to begin functional jaw orthopedics because peak mandibular growth occurs 1 year later

A

II

175
Q

Transposition happens in 1/___ ortho cases or <1% of the population

A

1/300

176
Q

major causes of transposition (4)

A
  1. Genetics
  2. exchange of developing tooth buds
  3. altered eruption paths
  4. retained primary teeth are causes

MODULE 1: BASIC AND APPLIED BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. 65Q (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions