Biochemistry/Physiology/Bone/Histology 17% 11Q Flashcards
Name some the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
the condition which becomes apparent in the 30s and 40s and is caused by excessing growth hormone is called:
acromegaly
Acromegaly is characterized by enlarged hands and facial features, In youths it is termed ______________.
gigantism
Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Which two hormones, released by the anterior pitutitary gland, cause metabolic rate to increase?
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
which hormone increases Ca in extracellular fluid (decrease bone Ca)?
Parathyoid hormone (PTH)
which condition is characterized by high Ca Level, demineralization/pathogenic calcification of skeleton, brown tumors
Hyperparathyroidism
Which states or conditions are associated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase? (3)
- In children during growth
- Following a fracture
- Paget’s disease
in which condition does a high alkaline phosphatase levels result from higher required levels of osteoblastic activity?
Paget’s
_____________ results in cretinism in children
Hypoparathyroidism
______________ results in myxedema in adults
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism is associated:
- dentally with _____________ and ___________ eruption
- incompletely formed _______ of permanent teeth
- a __________ tongue
- retardation of growth of __________ bones
- mental ___________
- root resorption and delayed eruption
- roots
- large
- long
- retardation
Which condition has the greatest tendency towards delayed eruption of the teeth?
Hypothyroidism
___________ affects electrical impulses due to lack of Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing decreased cardiac output
hypocalcemia
Adrenocorticosteroid produced by ____________ gland
adrenal
which organ is responsible for the regulation of calcium?
kidney
Electromyography measures action potential of ( individual / large groups of ) muscle fibers.
individual
with light continuous orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption
frontal
with heavy orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption which results in hyalinization
undermining
Undrmining resorption results in pressure necroses and avascular areas of PDL. It is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
- Hyalinization
- Neutrophils
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Macrophages
- Occurs in medullary space
Osteoblasts
____________ bone results after a tooth has been moved from one position to another
transitional
Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts come from:
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
- Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
Osteoclasts come from:
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
- Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
- Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
Osteocytes come from __________ which are formed from osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor cells come from mesenchymal cells, which are condensations of neural crest cells. Meshenchyme turns into osteoprogenitor cells which are housed in ______________ and _____________.
periosteum and endosteum
Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes
Cartilage grows by ( appositional / interstitial / both ) growth.
Bone grows by ( appositional / interstitial / both ) growth.
cartilage → both
bone → appositional
Bone formation starts as mesenchymal _____________. Bone tissue grows by differentiation of ______________ tissue.
condensation
cartilaginous
Name 3 post-natal cartilaginous growth sites
- Spheno-occipital synchondroses
- mandibular condyle
- nasal septum
Cartilage tissue is ( vascular / avascular ) and contains intracellular matrix of proteoglycans.
avascular
Newly formed bone is woven bone:
Woven→ Composite → __________
Lamellar
In the functional metric theory, the two types of growth are _____________ and _______________.
capsular and periosteal
In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for transformative growth – the changes in size and shape.
Periosteal
In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for translative growth – the changes in position
Capsular
According to the functional matrix theory, the temporals muscle acts as a ( capsular / periosteal ) matrix on the coronoid process of Mn
periosteal
According to the functional matrix theory, primary growth sites such as the condyle and sutures respond by compensating for ( transformative / translational ) forces
translational
(capsular matrix)
According to the functional matrix theory, ( transformation / translation ) is the movement of bony segments in space without any internal or localized changes.
translation
T/F: According to the functional matrix theory, mandibular function (eating) influences mandibular growth
True
the growth centers of the cranial base are the _____________-
synchondroses
the growth centers of the cranial vault are ______________
there are no growth centers
Secondary osteons are the replacement of existing bone (lamellar bone) during _______________, which occurs throughout life. Secondary osteons are formed in new cortical bone trailing moving tooth.
remodeling
T/F: Primary osteons are present in woven bone, immature bone, new bone
True
New bone formed after orthodontic movement and embryonic bone is called ____________ bone.
woven
Which type of bone is Highly variable, relatively weak, disorganized, and poorly mineralized?
Woven bone
Cortical bone is aka ___________
compact bone
trabecular bone is aka ______________
cancellous bone
Bones from where exhibit cartilage growth, sutural growth and periosteal growth?
Cranial Base
Remodeling of bone results in histologic structures called:
secondary osteons
The structural unit of compact bone is called:
Haversian system - present in adult skeleton
At birth, the right and left sides of the mandible ( are / are not ) fused
are not
Fusion of the:
- Lip: week ___
- Premaxilla: week ___
- Hard Palate: week ___
- Soft Palate: week ___
5
6
8
12
Basal bone and alveolar bone ( are / are not ) different histologically
are not
Deposition of dye in animal bone growth studies is called
Vital Staining
The major organic component of mature enamel is:
Enamelin
The matrix of developing enamel includes: (3)
- Amelogen
- Enamelin
- Tuft protein Rate of bone remodeling decreases with age
The rate of bone remodeling ( increases / decreases ) with age
decreases
Nasal Septum is usually deviated in the ( superior / inferior ) 1/3 and ( right / left )
inferior
left
Nasal Cells are ( ciliated / nonciliated ) pseudostratisfied columnar
ciliated
T/F: Undermining resorption leads to hyalinization, which is a histologic cell free zone
True
“Bone adapts to the load under which it’s placed.” is known as ___________’s law
Wolfe’s law
