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MODULE 1: BASIC AND APPLIED BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. 65Q > Biochemistry/Physiology/Bone/Histology 17% 11Q > Flashcards

Biochemistry/Physiology/Bone/Histology 17% 11Q Flashcards

1
Q

Name some the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. Follicle stimulating hormone
  3. Luteinizing hormone
  4. Prolactin
  5. Growth hormone
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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2
Q

the condition which becomes apparent in the 30s and 40s and is caused by excessing growth hormone is called:

A

acromegaly

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3
Q

Acromegaly is characterized by enlarged hands and facial features, In youths it is termed ______________.

A

gigantism

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4
Q

Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin
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5
Q

Which two hormones, released by the anterior pitutitary gland, cause metabolic rate to increase?

A

growth hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone

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6
Q

which hormone increases Ca in extracellular fluid (decrease bone Ca)?

A

Parathyoid hormone (PTH)

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7
Q

which condition is characterized by high Ca Level, demineralization/pathogenic calcification of skeleton, brown tumors

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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8
Q

Which states or conditions are associated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase? (3)

A
  1. In children during growth
  2. Following a fracture
  3. Paget’s disease
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9
Q

in which condition does a high alkaline phosphatase levels result from higher required levels of osteoblastic activity?

A

Paget’s

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10
Q

_____________ results in cretinism in children

A

Hypoparathyroidism

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11
Q

______________ results in myxedema in adults

A

Hypoparathyroidism

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12
Q

Hypoparathyroidism is associated:

  1. dentally with _____________ and ___________ eruption
  2. incompletely formed _______ of permanent teeth
  3. a __________ tongue
  4. retardation of growth of __________ bones
  5. mental ___________
A
  1. root resorption and delayed eruption
  2. roots
  3. large
  4. long
  5. retardation
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13
Q

Which condition has the greatest tendency towards delayed eruption of the teeth?

A

Hypothyroidism

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14
Q

___________ affects electrical impulses due to lack of Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing decreased cardiac output

A

hypocalcemia

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15
Q

Adrenocorticosteroid produced by ____________ gland

A

adrenal

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16
Q

which organ is responsible for the regulation of calcium?

A

kidney

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17
Q

Electromyography measures action potential of ( individual / large groups of ) muscle fibers.

A

individual

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18
Q

with light continuous orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption

A

frontal

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19
Q

with heavy orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption which results in hyalinization

A

undermining

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20
Q

Undrmining resorption results in pressure necroses and avascular areas of PDL. It is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. Hyalinization
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Osteoclasts
  5. Macrophages
  6. Occurs in medullary space
A

Osteoblasts

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21
Q

____________ bone results after a tooth has been moved from one position to another

A

transitional

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22
Q

Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts come from:

  1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
  2. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
A
  1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
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23
Q

Osteoclasts come from:

  1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
  2. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
A
  1. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)
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24
Q

Osteocytes come from __________ which are formed from osteoprogenitor cells

A

osteoblasts

Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes

25
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells come from mesenchymal cells, which are condensations of neural crest cells. Meshenchyme turns into osteoprogenitor cells which are housed in ______________ and _____________.

A

periosteum and endosteum

Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes

26
Q

Cartilage grows by ( appositional / interstitial / both ) growth.

Bone grows by ( appositional / interstitial / both ) growth.

A

cartilage → both

bone → appositional

27
Q

Bone formation starts as mesenchymal _____________. Bone tissue grows by differentiation of ______________ tissue.

A

condensation

cartilaginous

28
Q

Name 3 post-natal cartilaginous growth sites

A
  1. Spheno-occipital synchondroses
  2. mandibular condyle
  3. nasal septum
29
Q

Cartilage tissue is ( vascular / avascular ) and contains intracellular matrix of proteoglycans.

A

avascular

30
Q

Newly formed bone is woven bone:

Woven→ Composite → __________

A

Lamellar

31
Q

In the functional metric theory, the two types of growth are _____________ and _______________.

A

capsular and periosteal

32
Q

In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for transformative growth – the changes in size and shape.

A

Periosteal

33
Q

In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for translative growth – the changes in position

A

Capsular

34
Q

According to the functional matrix theory, the temporals muscle acts as a ( capsular / periosteal ) matrix on the coronoid process of Mn

A

periosteal

35
Q

According to the functional matrix theory, primary growth sites such as the condyle and sutures respond by compensating for ( transformative / translational ) forces

A

translational

(capsular matrix)

36
Q

According to the functional matrix theory, ( transformation / translation ) is the movement of bony segments in space without any internal or localized changes.

A

translation

37
Q

T/F: According to the functional matrix theory, mandibular function (eating) influences mandibular growth

A

True

38
Q

the growth centers of the cranial base are the _____________-

A

synchondroses

39
Q

the growth centers of the cranial vault are ______________

A

there are no growth centers

40
Q

Secondary osteons are the replacement of existing bone (lamellar bone) during _______________, which occurs throughout life. Secondary osteons are formed in new cortical bone trailing moving tooth.

A

remodeling

41
Q

T/F: Primary osteons are present in woven bone, immature bone, new bone

A

True

42
Q

New bone formed after orthodontic movement and embryonic bone is called ____________ bone.

A

woven

43
Q

Which type of bone is Highly variable, relatively weak, disorganized, and poorly mineralized?

A

Woven bone

44
Q

Cortical bone is aka ___________

A

compact bone

45
Q

trabecular bone is aka ______________

A

cancellous bone

46
Q

Bones from where exhibit cartilage growth, sutural growth and periosteal growth?

A

Cranial Base

47
Q

Remodeling of bone results in histologic structures called:

A

secondary osteons

48
Q

The structural unit of compact bone is called:

A

Haversian system - present in adult skeleton

49
Q

At birth, the right and left sides of the mandible ( are / are not ) fused

A

are not

50
Q

Fusion of the:

  • Lip: week ___
  • Premaxilla: week ___
  • Hard Palate: week ___
  • Soft Palate: week ___
A

5

6

8

12

51
Q

Basal bone and alveolar bone ( are / are not ) different histologically

A

are not

52
Q

Deposition of dye in animal bone growth studies is called

A

Vital Staining

53
Q

The major organic component of mature enamel is:

A

Enamelin

54
Q

The matrix of developing enamel includes: (3)

A
  1. Amelogen
  2. Enamelin
  3. Tuft protein Rate of bone remodeling decreases with age
55
Q

The rate of bone remodeling ( increases / decreases ) with age

A

decreases

56
Q

Nasal Septum is usually deviated in the ( superior / inferior ) 1/3 and ( right / left )

A

inferior

left

57
Q

Nasal Cells are ( ciliated / nonciliated ) pseudostratisfied columnar

A

ciliated

58
Q

T/F: Undermining resorption leads to hyalinization, which is a histologic cell free zone

A

True

59
Q

“Bone adapts to the load under which it’s placed.” is known as ___________’s law

A

Wolfe’s law

MODULE 1: BASIC AND APPLIED BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. 65Q (6 decks)

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