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FINALS - Paediatrics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

in baby clinics, what measurements are taken?

A

measurements of the baby’s:

  • weight
  • length/height
  • head circumference
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1
Q

how is the jaw relationship at birth different to that of an adults jaw relationship?

A
  • gum pads widely separated
  • tongue resting on lower gum pad
  • tongue in contact with lower lip
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2
Q

when does eruption of teeth (roughly) start?

A

6 months

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3
Q

at what age is the eruption of the deciduous dentition usually complete?

A

by 24 months of age

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4
Q

what are some characteristics of primary incisors?

A
  • incisors are upright

- incisors are spaced

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5
Q

what differences are seen between primary and permanent teeth?

A

primary teeth are:

  • smaller
  • more white in colour
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6
Q

what are the 5 aspects of the psychology of child development?

A
  • motor
  • cognitive
  • perceptual
  • language
  • social
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7
Q

what are the different stages of cognitive development?

A
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational thought
  • concrete operations
  • formal operations
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8
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

A
  • until about 2 years

- main objective is object permanence

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9
Q

what is object permanence?

A

knowing an object still exists even when it is hidden (cannot be seen, heard or sensed)

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10
Q

what is the preoperational thought stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

A
  • 2-7 years
  • allows child to predict outcomes of behaviour
  • facilitated by language development
  • egocentric
  • unable to understand why areas and volumes remain unchanged even though shape and position may change
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11
Q

what is the concrete operations stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

A
  • 7-11 years
  • able to apply logic
  • able to see others perspective
  • still difficult to think in an abstract manner
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12
Q

what is the formal operations stage of cognitive development? when does this stage occur?

A
  • from 11 years

- logical abstract thinking therefor different possibilities for an action can be considered

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13
Q

what will occur if a lack of appropriate stimulation occurs in an infants/child’s development?

A
  • retardation of the child’s learning

- ** language is affected

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14
Q

what does a one year old understand?

A
  • vocabulary of 20 words
  • simple phrases
  • relates objects to words
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15
Q

what language will a one year old use? what sounds can they make?

A
  • 2/3 words
  • repetitive babble
  • tuneful jargon
  • sounds = b, d, m
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16
Q

what does a two year old child understand in terms of development?

A
  • simple commands
  • questions
  • joins in action songs
17
Q

what language does a two year old use? what sounds can they make?

A
  • vocabulary of 100 words
  • puts two words together
  • echolalia (copies what you say)
  • sounds = p, t, k, g, n
18
Q

what does a three year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?

A
  • prepositions (on, under etc)
  • functions of object
  • simple conversations
19
Q

what language does a 3 year old child use? what sounds can they now make?

A
  • 4 word sentences
  • what, who, where
  • relates experience
  • sounds = f, s, l
20
Q

what does a four year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?

A
  • colours
  • numbers
  • tenses
  • complex instructions
21
Q

what language does a four year old use? what sounds can they make?

A
  • long grammatical sentences
  • relates stories
  • sounds = v, z, ch, j
22
Q

what are examples of disorders of speech and language?

A
  • cerebral palsy
  • learning difficulties
  • autism
  • head injury
  • delayed speech & language development
  • acquired neurological disorders
  • dysphonia
  • craniofacial disorders
23
Q

how can speech be described in a patient with cleft lip/palate?

A
  • resonance
  • articulation issues
  • nasal emission
24
Q

what treatment is carried out in an infant patient with cleft lip/palate?

A
  • feeding
  • early intervention (surgery etc)
  • input modelling
  • articulation therapy
  • communication support
25
Q

what feeding skills does a 28 week old infant have?

A

non nutritive sucking

26
Q

what feeding skills does a 34 week old infant have?

A

nutritive sucking

27
Q

what feeding skills are seen at ages 0-3 months?

A
  • rhythmical sucking
  • primitive reflexes (gag, rooting, suck/swallow)
  • semi reclined feeding position
  • liquid diet
28
Q

what feeding skills are developing/seen in a 4-6month old infant?

A
  • head control
  • more control of suck/swallow
  • munching
  • move towards a semi solid diet
    (starts babbling)
29
Q

what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 7-9 month old infant?

A
  • sitting feeding position
  • mashed consistency
  • finger food
  • upper lip involvement
  • chewing and bolus formation
  • bite reflex
  • mouthing
30
Q

what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 10-12 month old infant?

A
  • lumpy food consumed
  • sustained bite
  • active lip closure
  • chewing (lateralisation)
  • cup drinking
31
Q

at what age is a mature and integrated feeding pattern seen in children?

A

24 months

32
Q

what dental things may frighten children in the surgery?

A
  • sight of anaesthetic syringe
  • sight, sound and sensation of the drill
  • mutilation
  • choking
  • strangers
33
Q

what are some manifestations of anxiety in children?

A
  • thumb sucking
  • nail biting
  • nose picking
  • clumsiness
  • stuttering
  • stomach pain
  • headache
  • dizziness
34
Q

what factors may influence a child’s dental anxiety?

A
  • previous adverse dental/medical experiences
  • attitude & previous experience of family/peer group
  • media perceptions
  • emotional development of child
35
Q

what behaviour management techniques must a dentist AVOID?

A

DO NOT:

  • bribe
  • coax
  • shout
  • bully
  • threaten
  • allow child to have all their own way
36
Q

when dealing with a child who has dental anxiety, how can this anxiety be reduced?

A
  • create an environment where the child feels safe
  • use a kind empathetic approach
  • use directive guidance and reinforcement
  • allow child some control (hand signal)
  • ask questions (how are you feeling? are you OK?)
37
Q

when discussing dental treatments with children, what may need to be modified in these discussions?

A

language alternatives to dental treatments… eg:
- topical anaesthetic = bubble gum/minty gel
- high speed = tooth shower
etc.

38
Q

when communicating with children, what are some things to keep in mind?

A
  • avoid use of dental jargon
  • use simple language
  • use a friendly (but loud) tone of voice
  • friendly non-verbal communication (facial expression, gaze etc)
39
Q

what are things NOT to do around an anxious infant dental patient?

A
  • ignore or deny feelings
  • coercing/coaxing
  • humiliating
  • losing patience with patient
40
Q

when might a dentist need to exclude a parent from the surgery?

A

the parent:

  • is unable to refrain from competing with the dentist for their child’s attention
  • unintentionally convey their own anxieties to their child through body language and words
41
Q

what is the link between pain and anxiety?

A

anxious patients are more likely than non-anxious patients to experience pain

FINALS - Paediatrics (17 decks)

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