Growth and Development Flashcards
in baby clinics, what measurements are taken?
measurements of the baby’s:
- weight
- length/height
- head circumference
how is the jaw relationship at birth different to that of an adults jaw relationship?
- gum pads widely separated
- tongue resting on lower gum pad
- tongue in contact with lower lip
when does eruption of teeth (roughly) start?
6 months
at what age is the eruption of the deciduous dentition usually complete?
by 24 months of age
what are some characteristics of primary incisors?
- incisors are upright
- incisors are spaced
what differences are seen between primary and permanent teeth?
primary teeth are:
- smaller
- more white in colour
what are the 5 aspects of the psychology of child development?
- motor
- cognitive
- perceptual
- language
- social
what are the different stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational thought
- concrete operations
- formal operations
what is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?
- until about 2 years
- main objective is object permanence
what is object permanence?
knowing an object still exists even when it is hidden (cannot be seen, heard or sensed)
what is the preoperational thought stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?
- 2-7 years
- allows child to predict outcomes of behaviour
- facilitated by language development
- egocentric
- unable to understand why areas and volumes remain unchanged even though shape and position may change
what is the concrete operations stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?
- 7-11 years
- able to apply logic
- able to see others perspective
- still difficult to think in an abstract manner
what is the formal operations stage of cognitive development? when does this stage occur?
- from 11 years
- logical abstract thinking therefor different possibilities for an action can be considered
what will occur if a lack of appropriate stimulation occurs in an infants/child’s development?
- retardation of the child’s learning
- ** language is affected
what does a one year old understand?
- vocabulary of 20 words
- simple phrases
- relates objects to words
what language will a one year old use? what sounds can they make?
- 2/3 words
- repetitive babble
- tuneful jargon
- sounds = b, d, m
what does a two year old child understand in terms of development?
- simple commands
- questions
- joins in action songs
what language does a two year old use? what sounds can they make?
- vocabulary of 100 words
- puts two words together
- echolalia (copies what you say)
- sounds = p, t, k, g, n
what does a three year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?
- prepositions (on, under etc)
- functions of object
- simple conversations
what language does a 3 year old child use? what sounds can they now make?
- 4 word sentences
- what, who, where
- relates experience
- sounds = f, s, l
what does a four year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?
- colours
- numbers
- tenses
- complex instructions
what language does a four year old use? what sounds can they make?
- long grammatical sentences
- relates stories
- sounds = v, z, ch, j
what are examples of disorders of speech and language?
- cerebral palsy
- learning difficulties
- autism
- head injury
- delayed speech & language development
- acquired neurological disorders
- dysphonia
- craniofacial disorders
how can speech be described in a patient with cleft lip/palate?
- resonance
- articulation issues
- nasal emission
what treatment is carried out in an infant patient with cleft lip/palate?
- feeding
- early intervention (surgery etc)
- input modelling
- articulation therapy
- communication support
what feeding skills does a 28 week old infant have?
non nutritive sucking
what feeding skills does a 34 week old infant have?
nutritive sucking
what feeding skills are seen at ages 0-3 months?
- rhythmical sucking
- primitive reflexes (gag, rooting, suck/swallow)
- semi reclined feeding position
- liquid diet
what feeding skills are developing/seen in a 4-6month old infant?
- head control
- more control of suck/swallow
- munching
- move towards a semi solid diet
(starts babbling)
what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 7-9 month old infant?
- sitting feeding position
- mashed consistency
- finger food
- upper lip involvement
- chewing and bolus formation
- bite reflex
- mouthing
what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 10-12 month old infant?
- lumpy food consumed
- sustained bite
- active lip closure
- chewing (lateralisation)
- cup drinking
at what age is a mature and integrated feeding pattern seen in children?
24 months
what dental things may frighten children in the surgery?
- sight of anaesthetic syringe
- sight, sound and sensation of the drill
- mutilation
- choking
- strangers
what are some manifestations of anxiety in children?
- thumb sucking
- nail biting
- nose picking
- clumsiness
- stuttering
- stomach pain
- headache
- dizziness
what factors may influence a child’s dental anxiety?
- previous adverse dental/medical experiences
- attitude & previous experience of family/peer group
- media perceptions
- emotional development of child
what behaviour management techniques must a dentist AVOID?
DO NOT:
- bribe
- coax
- shout
- bully
- threaten
- allow child to have all their own way
when dealing with a child who has dental anxiety, how can this anxiety be reduced?
- create an environment where the child feels safe
- use a kind empathetic approach
- use directive guidance and reinforcement
- allow child some control (hand signal)
- ask questions (how are you feeling? are you OK?)
when discussing dental treatments with children, what may need to be modified in these discussions?
language alternatives to dental treatments… eg:
- topical anaesthetic = bubble gum/minty gel
- high speed = tooth shower
etc.
when communicating with children, what are some things to keep in mind?
- avoid use of dental jargon
- use simple language
- use a friendly (but loud) tone of voice
- friendly non-verbal communication (facial expression, gaze etc)
what are things NOT to do around an anxious infant dental patient?
- ignore or deny feelings
- coercing/coaxing
- humiliating
- losing patience with patient
when might a dentist need to exclude a parent from the surgery?
the parent:
- is unable to refrain from competing with the dentist for their child’s attention
- unintentionally convey their own anxieties to their child through body language and words
what is the link between pain and anxiety?
anxious patients are more likely than non-anxious patients to experience pain
