Growth and Development Flashcards
What is “growth”?
Increase in physical size
(Quantitative changes in height, weight, # of words, ect.)
Patterns of Physical Growth
- Cephlocaudal growth
- Proximodistal
All children will develop physically according to these patterns
Birth weight at least doubles by_
Triples by _
5-6 months
1 year
By one year, length has increased by almost
50%
By one year, head circumference has grown by almost
33%; important determinant of brain growth
Gross Motor Development: Infant reflexes
Play a role in development of gross motor skills (righting reflexes)
Gross Motor Development: Head Control
Marked head lag in newborn
4 months - lift head & front portion of chest, bearing weight on forearms
4-6 months - head control well established
Gross Motor Development: Rolling Over
5 months - abdomen to back
6 months - back to abdomen
Gross Motor Development: Sitting
7 months - sit alone, leaning forward on hands for support
8 months - sit unsupported
10 months - move from prone to sitting
Gross Motor Development: Locomotion
Initially - propel backwards by pushing with arms
6-7 months - can bear weight on legs with assistance
6-8 months - crawling
9 months - creeping; stand while holding onto furniture; pull self to standing position
11 months - walk while holding furniture (cruising) or with both hands held
1 year - walk with one hand held; may attempt independent steps
Fine Motor Development: Grasping
2-3 months - grasping as reflex; progresses to be voluntary by 5 months
5 months - palmar grasp
8-9 months - crude pincer grasp; able to pick up raisin by 10 months
11 months - neat pincer grasp
Fine Motor Development: Manipulative Skills
7 months - transfer objects from one hand to other
10 months - deliberately let go of object
11 months - put objects into container
1 year - try to build tower of 2 blocks but fail; can do at 14 months
Fine Motor Development: Drawing
3 years - copies circle
4 years - copies square, adds parts to stick figure; uses scissors to cut out picture following outline
What is development
increase in capability to function
Developmental Milestones (HIGHLIGHTED)
There is a developmental rate which reflects a fixed order but different pace for each child.
Developmental Milestones
- there are specific milestones that children are expected to reach by a certain age
- there may be delays due to illness or other factors but they are expected to happen within a couple of months of the normal occurrence of these behaviours in the majority of children
Infant Sensorimotor
Learn that objects have permanence even when not visible
1-4 months: Object Permanence
when something disappears, the child does not look for it
4-8 months: Object Permanence
Child begins to acquire some knowledge of the permanence of objects. When an object is removed, the child searches for it.
8-12 months: Object Permanence
Child will remove an obstacle to uncover an object that has been partially hidden from view
12-18 months
When an object is hidden, the child will search for it in the last place he saw it
18-24 months
Child searches for lost or hidden objects he may not have seen for several days
Toddler/Preschool (2-7 years): Preoperational thought
Centration
tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
Toddler/Preschool (2-7 years): Preoperational thought
Irreversibility
Inability to envision reversing an action
