GI/GU Diseases to Know

Question 1

Omphalocele

Answer 1

A congenital malformation in which intra-abdominal contents herniate through the umbilical cord. membrane covers the organs protruding.

Question 2

Gastroschisis

Answer 2

a congenital defect of the ventral abdominal wall, characterized by protrusion of bowel through a defect in the abdominal wall to the side of the umbilicus. No membrane covers the organs.

Question 3

Intussusception

Answer 3

occurs when one portion of the intestine prolapses and then invaginates or telescopes into another. It is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal obstruction during infancy.

Question 4

Hirschsprung disease

Answer 4

also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon. a congenital anomaly in which inadequate motility causes mechanical obstruction. absence of ganglion cells in the wall of a variable segment of rectum and colon. prevent peristalsis.

Question 5

Anorectal Malformations

Answer 5

Anomalies of the rectum and distal anus, the urinary tract, and the genital tract. Frequently associated with other anomalies.

Question 6

Hernia

Answer 6

The protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the muscle wall of the cavity that normally contains it

Question 7

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 7

Abdominal contents protrude into the thoracic cavity through an opening in the diaphragm. Sites of herniation include the substernal space, the prosterolateral region, and the esophageal hiatus.

Question 8

Umbilical Hernia

Answer 8

Results from imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. Umbilical hernia is a common condition in childhood and occurs more frequently in Black children and LBW infants.

Question 9

Short Bowel Syndrome

Answer 9

Short bowel syndrome is a decreased ability to absorb and digest a regular diet due to a shortened intestine. Loss of intestine may result from extensive bowel resection for treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis or inflammatory disorders.

Question 10

Biliary Atresia

Answer 10

results when the extrahepatic bile ducts fail to develop or are closed. The disorder leads to cholestasis, cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and death if left untreated.

Question 11

Enuresis

Answer 11

Repeated involuntary voiding by a child who has reached an age at which bladder control is expected, usually about 5-6 years.

Question 12

Encopresis

Answer 12

the repeated passing of stool (usually involuntarily) into clothing

Question 13

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Answer 13

The most common inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
a response to streptococcal infection.

Question 14

Phimosis

Answer 14

the foreskin over the glans penis cannot be retracted. As a result of natural adhesion, phimosis is a normal finding in uncircumcised infants and young males. Generally the foreskin separates from the glans during childhood

Question 15

Cryptorchidism

Answer 15

undescended testes occurs when one or both testes fails to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. Normally, the testes descend during the seventh to ninth month of gestation.

Question 16

Inguinal hernia

Answer 16

a painless inguinal or scrotal swelling of variable size that occurs when abdominal tissue, such as bowel, extends into the inguinal canal.

Question 17

Hydrocele

Answer 17

A hydrocele is a fluid-filled mass in the scrotum

Question 18

Testicular Torsion

Answer 18

an emergency condition in which the testis suddenly rotates on its spermatic cord, cutting off its blood supply. The arteries and veins in the spermatic cord become twisted and interrupt the blood supply leading to vascular engorgement and ischemia.