Group Dynamics Ch 6 Flashcards
Prescriptive norm
A consensual standard that identifies preferable, positively sanctioned behaviours.
Proscriptive norm
A consensual standard that identifies prohibited, negatively sanctioned behaviours.
Descriptive norm
A consensual standard that describes how people typically act, feel, and think in a given situation.
Injunction norm
m An evaluative consensual standard that
describes how people should act, feel, and think in a
given situation rather than how people do act, feel, and
think in that situation.
Social tuning
The tendency for individuals’ actions and evaluations to become more similar to the actions and evaluations of those around them.
Pluralistic ignorance
When members of a group privately vary in outlook and expectations, but publicly they all act similarly
because they believe that they are the only ones whose personal views are different from the rest of the group.
Role differentiation
An increase in the number of roles
in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the
scope of these roles as each one becomes more narrowly
defined and specialized.
Task role
Any position in a group occupied by a member
who performs behaviors that promote completion of
tasks and activities, such as initiating structure, providing
task-related feedback, and setting goals.
Relationship role
Any position in a group occupied by a
member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members, such as showing concern for the feelings of others,
reducing conflict, and enhancing feelings of satisfaction
and trust in the group.
Self-presentation
Influencing other people’s social perceptions by selectively revealing personal information to them; includes both deliberate and unintentional attempts to establish, maintain, or refine the impression that others have; also known as impression management.
Role-taking
Perceiving the role requirements of other members’ roles, by taking their perspective; also, the enactment of a role within a group.
Group socialization
A pattern of change in the relationship between an individual and a group that begins
when an individual first considers joining the group and
ends when he or she leaves it.
Role ambiguity
Unclear expectations about the behaviors to be performed by an individual occupying a particular position within the group, caused by a lack of
clarity in the role itself, a lack of consensus within the
group regarding the behaviors associated with the role, or
the individual role taker’s uncertainty with regard to the
types of behaviors expected by others
Role conflict
A state of tension, distress, or uncertainty
caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s role in the group.
Interrole conflict
A form of role conflict that occurs
when individuals occupy multiple roles within a group
and the expectations and behaviors associated with one
of their roles are not consistent with the expectations and
behaviors associated with another of their roles.
Intrarole conflict
A form of role conflict that occurs
when the behaviors that make up a single role are incongruous, often resulting from inconsistent expectations on
the part of the person who occupies the role and other
members of the group.
Role fit
The degree of congruence between the demands
of a specific role and the attitudes, values, skills, and other
characteristics of the individual who occupies the role.
Status differentiation
The gradual rise of some group
members to positions of greater authority, accompanied
by decreases in the authority exercised by other members
Sociometric differentiation
The development of stronger and more positive interpersonal ties between some
members of the group, accompanied by decreases in the
quality of relations between other members of the group.
Balance theory
A conceptualization advanced by Fritz
Heider which assumes that interpersonal relationships can
be either balanced (integrated units with elements that fit
together without stress) or unbalanced (inconsistent units
with elements that conflict with one another). Heider
believed that unbalanced relationships create an unpleasant tension that must be relieved by changing some element of the system.
Communication network
Patterns of information
transmission and exchange that describe who communicates most frequently and to what extent with whom.
Degree centrality
The number of ties between group
members; the group’s degree centrality is the average of
the direct connections among group members.
Outdegree
For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
initiated by the individual. (In a directed network.)
Indegree
For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
received by the individual. (in a directed network.)
Betweenness
The degree to which a group member’s
position in a network is located along a path between
other pairs of individuals in the network.
Closeness
The distance, in terms of ties, of an individual
from all others in the network. The inverse of distance, in terms of ties, of an individual from all others in the network.
Density
The degree of connectedness of the group’s members, as indexed by the number of actual ties linking members divided by the number of possibilities.
Cliques
In social network analysis, subgroups of interrelated members within the larger group context.
Holes
In social network analysis, gaps or schisms within the network.
