Group Dynamics Ch 6

Question 1

Prescriptive norm

Answer 1

A consensual standard that identifies preferable, positively sanctioned behaviours.

Question 2

Proscriptive norm

Answer 2

A consensual standard that identifies prohibited, negatively sanctioned behaviours.

Question 3

Descriptive norm

Answer 3

A consensual standard that describes how people typically act, feel, and think in a given situation.

Question 4

Injunction norm

Answer 4

m An evaluative consensual standard that
describes how people should act, feel, and think in a
given situation rather than how people do act, feel, and
think in that situation.

Question 5

Social tuning

Answer 5

The tendency for individuals’ actions and evaluations to become more similar to the actions and evaluations of those around them.

Question 6

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 6

When members of a group privately vary in outlook and expectations, but publicly they all act similarly
because they believe that they are the only ones whose personal views are different from the rest of the group.

Question 7

Role differentiation

Answer 7

An increase in the number of roles
in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the
scope of these roles as each one becomes more narrowly
defined and specialized.

Question 8

Task role

Answer 8

Any position in a group occupied by a member
who performs behaviors that promote completion of
tasks and activities, such as initiating structure, providing
task-related feedback, and setting goals.

Question 9

Relationship role

Answer 9

Any position in a group occupied by a
member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members, such as showing concern for the feelings of others,
reducing conflict, and enhancing feelings of satisfaction
and trust in the group.

Question 10

Self-presentation

Answer 10

Influencing other people’s social perceptions by selectively revealing personal information to them; includes both deliberate and unintentional attempts to establish, maintain, or refine the impression that others have; also known as impression management.

Question 11

Role-taking

Answer 11

Perceiving the role requirements of other members’ roles, by taking their perspective; also, the enactment of a role within a group.

Question 12

Group socialization

Answer 12

A pattern of change in the relationship between an individual and a group that begins
when an individual first considers joining the group and
ends when he or she leaves it.

Question 13

Role ambiguity

Answer 13

Unclear expectations about the behaviors to be performed by an individual occupying a particular position within the group, caused by a lack of
clarity in the role itself, a lack of consensus within the
group regarding the behaviors associated with the role, or
the individual role taker’s uncertainty with regard to the
types of behaviors expected by others

Question 14

Role conflict

Answer 14

A state of tension, distress, or uncertainty
caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s role in the group.

Question 15

Interrole conflict

Answer 15

A form of role conflict that occurs
when individuals occupy multiple roles within a group
and the expectations and behaviors associated with one
of their roles are not consistent with the expectations and
behaviors associated with another of their roles.

Question 16

Intrarole conflict

Answer 16

A form of role conflict that occurs
when the behaviors that make up a single role are incongruous, often resulting from inconsistent expectations on
the part of the person who occupies the role and other
members of the group.

Question 17

Role fit

Answer 17

The degree of congruence between the demands
of a specific role and the attitudes, values, skills, and other
characteristics of the individual who occupies the role.

Question 18

Status differentiation

Answer 18

The gradual rise of some group
members to positions of greater authority, accompanied
by decreases in the authority exercised by other members

Question 19

Sociometric differentiation

Answer 19

The development of stronger and more positive interpersonal ties between some
members of the group, accompanied by decreases in the
quality of relations between other members of the group.

Question 20

Balance theory

Answer 20

A conceptualization advanced by Fritz
Heider which assumes that interpersonal relationships can
be either balanced (integrated units with elements that fit
together without stress) or unbalanced (inconsistent units
with elements that conflict with one another). Heider
believed that unbalanced relationships create an unpleasant tension that must be relieved by changing some element of the system.

Question 21

Communication network

Answer 21

Patterns of information
transmission and exchange that describe who communicates most frequently and to what extent with whom.

Question 22

Degree centrality

Answer 22

The number of ties between group
members; the group’s degree centrality is the average of
the direct connections among group members.

Question 23

Outdegree

Answer 23

For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
initiated by the individual. (In a directed network.)

Question 24

Indegree

Answer 24

For nonsymmetric data, the number of ties
received by the individual. (in a directed network.)

Question 25

Betweenness

Answer 25

The degree to which a group member’s
position in a network is located along a path between
other pairs of individuals in the network.

Question 26

Closeness

Answer 26

The distance, in terms of ties, of an individual
from all others in the network. The inverse of distance, in terms of ties, of an individual from all others in the network.

Question 27

Density

Answer 27

The degree of connectedness of the group’s members, as indexed by the number of actual ties linking members divided by the number of possibilities.

Question 28

Cliques

Answer 28

In social network analysis, subgroups of interrelated members within the larger group context.

Question 29

Holes

Answer 29

In social network analysis, gaps or schisms within the network.