Group Dynamics Ch 4 Flashcards
Personality
The configuration of distinctive but enduring dispositional characteristics, including traits, temperament, and values, that characterize an individual’s responses across situations.
Five-factor model (FFM, or big five theory)
A conceptual model of the primary
dimensions that underlie individual differences in personality; the five dimensions are extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience; different theorists sometimes use different labels.
Extraversion
The degree to which an individual tends
to seek out social contacts. Including having such related qualities as outgoing, enthusiastic, energetic and assertive. Introverts are oriented primarily toward inner perceptions and judgments of concepts and ideas, whereas extraverts are oriented primarily
toward social experiences. It is a part of a personality trait theory.
Shyness
The tendency to be reserved or timid during social interactions, usually coupled with feelings of discomfort and nervousness.
Social anxiety
A feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.
Experience sampling
A research method that asks participants to record their thoughts, emotions, or behaviour at the time they are experiencing them rather than at a later time or date; in some cases, participants make their entries when they are signaled by researchers using electronic pagers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or similar devices.
Social anxiety disorder ( or social phobia)
A persistent and pervasive pattern of overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.
Attachment style
One’s characteristic approach to
relationships with other people; the basic styles include
secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing, as defined by
the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance.
Need for affiliation
A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by joining with other people, which frequently includes concerns about winning approval of other people.
Need for intimacy
A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by seeking out warm, positive relationships with others.
Need for power
A motivating state of tension thar can be relieved by gaining control over other people and one’s environment.
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)
A theory of group formation and development
proposed by William Schutz that emphasizes compatibility among three basic social motives: inclusion, control,
and affection.
Relationality
The degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize, and facilitate establishing
and maintaining, connections to others.
Collaborative circle
A relatively small group of peers who work together for an extended period of time, exchanging ideas for commentary and critique and developing a shared conception of what their methods and goals should be.
Social movement
A collective movement making a
deliberate, sustained, and organized attempt to achieve a change or
resist a change in a social system. Movements are sustained by individuals who may share a common outlook on issues or by members of identifiable social groups or categories, but not by businesses, political organizations, or governments.
Affiliation
The gathering together of individuals (typically members of the same species) in one location; also, a formalized relationship, as when an individual is said to be affiliated with a group or organization.
Social comparison
Evaluating the accuracy of personal
beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others. The process of contrasting one’s personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people.
Social support
A sense of belonging, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and perspective provided by groups when members experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises
Downward social comparison
Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social comparison (rather than individuals who are similar or superior to oneself or one’s outcomes.
Upward social comparison
Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose outcomes surpass one’s own as targets for social comparison.
Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model
A theory
proposed by Abraham Tesser which assumes that individuals maintain and enhance self-esteem by associating
with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that
are not relevant to their own sense of self-esteem and
avoiding association with high-achieving individuals
who excel in areas that are important to their sense of
self-esteem.
Social comparison orientation
The dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others.
Proximity principle
The tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by; also known as the “principle of propinquity.”
Elaboration principle
The tendency for groups to ex
Similarity principle
The tendency to affiliate with or be
attracted to similar others; this tendency causes groups and
other interpersonal aggregates to be composed of individuals who are similar (homogonous) to one another rather than dissimilar (diverse)
Homophily
“Love of the same.” The tendency for group members to display
certain affinities, such as similarities in demographic
background, attitudes, values, or so on; the overall degree of similarity of individuals within the same group. Generally expressed informally as “birds of a feather flock together.”
Complementarity principle
The tendency for group
members to like people who are dissimilar to them in
ways that complement their personal qualities. Opposites attracting and those who are dissimilar complimenting one another.
Interchange compatibility
As described by William
Schutz, compatibility between group members based on
their similar needs for inclusion, control, and affection.
Originator compatibility
As described by William
Schutz, compatibility between group members that occurs when individuals who wish to express inclusion,
control, or affection within the group are matched with
individuals who wish to receive inclusion, control, or
affection from others.
Reciprocity principle
The tendency for liking to be met
with liking in return; if A likes B then B will tend to like A.
Minimax principle
The tendency to prefer relationships and group memberships that provide the maximum
number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number
of possible costs.
Comparison level (CL)
) In John Thibaut and Harold
Kelley’s social exchange theory, the standard by which
the individual evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases, individuals whose prior relationships
yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher
CLs than those who experienced fewer rewards and
more costs in prior relationships.
