Group Dynamics Ch 3

Question 1

Need to belong

Answer 1

The generalized desire to seek out and join with other people, which, when unsatisfied, causes a state of tension and want.

Question 2

Loneliness

Answer 2

Cognitive and affective malaise, including feelings of desperation, boredom, self-deprecation, and depression experienced when individuals feel their personal relationships are too few or too
unsatisfying

Question 3

Degrees of separation

Answer 3

In social network analysis, the number of steps needed to link one person in the network to another person in the network.

Question 4

Ostracism

Answer 4

Excluding a person or group of people from a
group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Question 5

Fight-or-flight response

Answer 5

A physiological response to
stressful events characterized by the activation of the
sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, pupil
dilation) that readies the individual to counter the threat
(fight) or to escape the threat (flight).

Question 6

Tend-and-befriend response

Answer 6

A physiological, psychological, and interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors (tending)
and by seeking out connections to other people
(befriending).

Question 7

Cyberostracism

Answer 7

The exclusion of one or more individuals from a technologically mediated group interaction,
such as a computer-based discussion group, by reducing or eliminating communication with the person.

Question 8

Sociometer theory

Answer 8

A conceptual analysis of self-esteem
proposed by Mark Leary that argues self-esteem is not an
index of perceived self-worth, but instead is a psychological monitor of one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in
social groups.

Question 9

Individualism

Answer 9

A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook
that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her
rights, independence, and relationships with other
individuals.

Question 10

Collectivism

Answer 10

A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Question 11

Exchange relationship

Answer 11

An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the
relationship

Question 12

Communal relationship

Answer 12

An interpersonal association
between individuals who are more concerned with
what others get rather than what they themselves
receive.

Question 13

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 13

A social standard that enjoins individuals to pay back in kind what they receive from
others.

Question 14

Group culture

Answer 14

The distinct ways that members of a group represent their experiences, including consensually accepted knowledge, beliefs, rituals, customs, rules, language, norms, and practices.

Question 15

Ultimatum game

Answer 15

An experimental bargaining situation in which one individual, the allocator, must propose
a division of a shared resource to other members; if they
reject the allocator’s proposal, no one receives any of the
resource.

Question 16

Equity norm

Answer 16

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to
their inputs.

Question 17

Equality norm

Answer 17

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members.

Question 18

Personal identity

Answer 18

The “me.” An individual’s perception of those aspects of his or her self-concept that derive from individualistic, personal qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.

Question 19

Social Identity (or collective self)

Answer 19

The “we” component
of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and
society

Question 20

Individualists (or independents or idiocentrics)

Answer 20

An individual who is dispositionally predisposed to put his or her own personal
interests and motivations above the group’s interests and
goals.

Question 21

Collectivists (or interdependents, or allocentrics)

Answer 21

An individual who is
dispositionally predisposed to put the group’s goals and
needs above his or her own.

Question 22

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Answer 22

A conceptual analysis
proposed by Marilyn Brewer that assumes individuals
strive to maintain a balance between three basic needs:
the need to be assimilated by the group, the need to be
connected to friends and loved ones, and the need for
autonomy and differentiation.

Question 23

Social identity theory

Answer 23

A theoretical analysis of group
processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups
influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem,
particularly when individuals categorize themselves as
group members and identify with the group.

Question 24

Minimal intergroup situation

Answer 24

A research procedure
developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in their
studies of intergroup conflict that involved creating temporary groups of anonymous, unrelated people.

Question 25

Social categorization

Answer 25

The perceptual classification of
people, including the self, into categories.

Question 26

Stereotypes (or prototypes)

Answer 26

A socially shared set of
cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations)
about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.

Question 27

Self-stereotyping (or autostereotyping)

Answer 27

Accepting
socially shared generalizations about the prototypical
characteristics attributed to members of one’s group as
accurate descriptions of oneself.

Question 28

Social identification

Answer 28

Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition
on the group’s qualities and characteristics.

Question 29

Collective self-esteem

Answer 29

A person’s overall assessment of
that portion of their self-concept that is based on their
relationships with others and membership in social
groups.

Question 30

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Answer 30

Seeking direct
or indirect association with prestigious or successful
groups or individuals

Question 31

Cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)

Answer 31

Distancing
oneself from a group that performs poorly

Question 32

Ingroup-outgroup bias

Answer 32

The tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than
other groups, their members, and their products. Ingroup
favoritism is more common than outgroup rejection.

Question 33

Social creativity

Answer 33

Restricting comparisons between the
ingroup and other groups to tasks and outcomes where
the ingroup is more successful than other groups and
avoiding areas in which other groups surpass the ingroup.

Question 34

Stereotype threat

Answer 34

An anxiety-provoking belief that others’ perceptions and evaluations will be influenced by their negative stereotypes about one’s group that can, in some cases interfere with one’s ability to perform up to one’s capabilities.