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Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology > group and team dynamics > Flashcards

group and team dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 negatives of being in a group as identified by Christian Buys?

A 
social loafing
self-deception
conformity
groupthink
deinidividuation
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2
Q

what does ‘groupthink’ mean?

A

suspension of critical thinking and overreliance on group opinion

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3
Q

how do social psychologists define a group?

A

two or more people who interact with, and exert mutual influence on, each other

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4
Q

what characteristics does a group have?

A

members may like or be attracted to other members
may have common goals
interdependence (rely on each other)

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of a team?

A 
mutual interaction
task interdependence
collective sense of identity
distinctive roles
structured modes of communication 
norms
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6
Q

what do norms mean in tems of a characteristics of a team?

A

social rules that guide members on what to do and not do

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7
Q

what are the 3 theories of group development?

A

linear persective
cyclical perspective
pendular perspective

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8
Q

relationhip between teams and groups?

A

all teams are groups

not all groups are teams

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9
Q

one definition of team?

A

a group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives

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10
Q

what sort of process is becoming a team?

A

an evolutionary process

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11
Q

what does it mean when teams are described as an evolutionary process?

A

they are constantly devloping and changing in attempt to respond to both internal and external factors

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12
Q

what is the linear perspective?

A

assumption is that groups move progreesively through different stages

critical issues arise in each stage and when they are dealt with, the group moves on

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13
Q

what are the 4 stages in the linear perspective of group development?

A
  1. forming
  2. storming
  3. norming
  4. performing
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14
Q

is the duration and sequence that the stages follow in the linear perspective fixed?

A

no, different for each group

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15
Q

what is involved in ‘forming’?

A

team members familiarise themselves with other team members

individuals determine whether they belong in the group and in what role

engage in social comparisons with theur fellow teammates

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16
Q

what is involved in ‘stroming’?

A

resistance to the leader, resistance to control by the group , and interpersonal conflict

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17
Q

how should sport leaders communicate with their teams during the ‘storming’ stage?

A

objectively and openly

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18
Q

what is involved in ‘norming’?

A

hostility of ‘storming’ is replaced by solidarity and cooperation

conflicts are resolved and sense of unity is formed

athletes work together to reach common goals and strive for task effectiveness

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19
Q

what is involved in ‘performing’?

A

team members band together to channel their energies for team success

structural issues resolved, interpersonal relationships are stabilised and roles are well defined

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20
Q

what is the cyclical (life cycle) perspective?

A

that groups develop in a manner similar to the life cycle: birth, growth and death

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21
Q

how do life cycle models differ from linear models on group development?

A

life cycle models emphasise the terminal phase before group dissolution

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22
Q

what is the main element and assumption of the cyclical persepective to group development?

A

that as the group develops, it psychologically prepares for its own breakup

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23
Q

which type of teams is the cyclical model particularly relevant for?

A

teams that are ‘temporary’

e.g exercise groups that last between 10-15 weeks and sports team that typically play for a season before breaking up

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24
Q

what underlying assumption are the linear and life cycle models based on?

A

that groups possess an inherent static development that is unresponsive to the demands of the environment

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25
what does the pendular model assume and emphasise?
it assumes that a group doesn't move progressively through stages in a linear fashion from the instant it forms emphasises the shifts that occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups
26
what are the 5 stages in the pendular perspective of group development?
1. orientation 2. differentiation and conflict 3. resolution and cohesion 4. differentitation and conflict 5. termination
27
what occurs in stage 1: orientation of the pendular perspective?
cohesion and feelings of unity are high the athletes share many common feelings, anxieties and aspirations
28
what occurs in stage 2: differentiation and conflict of the pendular perspective?
the group physically or psychologically subdivides into smaller units conflict often arises as athletes compete for positions on the team
29
what occurs in stage 3: resolution and cohesion of teh pendular perspective?
cohesion increases as groups members share common concerns and feelings in preparing to face a common threat
30
what occurs in stage 4: differentiation and conflict of the pendular perspective?
team unity is weakened as various indidividuals are rewarded or punished, setting them off from the group
31
what occurs in stage 5: termination of the pendular perspective?
if teh season was successful, feelings of cohesion are high | if the season was unsuccessful, feelings of cohesion are low
32
examples of each stage of the pendular perspective of group development in a basketball team?
stage 1: practices start stage 2: preseason practices continue but become tiresome stage 3: the first game stage 4: during the season e.g after poor game stage 5: end of season
33
what 2 factors does group structure depend on?
how they perceive one another | what they expect of themselves and each other
34
what 2 structural characetristics must a team develop to be effective?
group roles | group norms
35
what does 'role' mean?
the set of behaviours required or expected of the person occupying a certain position in a group
36
what are formal roles?
dictated by the nature and structure of organisation e.g coach and captain and left back each role carries specific associated expectations which individuals are either trained to learn or recruited to fill
37
what are informal roles?
they evolve from interactions among group members e.g mentor and cancer
38
how many informal roles have been identified?
12
39
what are the 12 informal roles?
``` comedian spark plug cancer distracter enforcer mentor informal leader (verbal) informal leader (nonverbal) team player star player malingerer social convener ```
40
what are the 3 informal roles which have a negative effect on team functioning?
cancer distracter malingerer
41
what is meant by 'role clarity'
improving teams effectiveness by making sure players nderstand their roles
42
result of increased perceived ambiguity of roles of players?
more critical of coach's ability to lead the team during competition
43
what relationship does role clarity mediate?
relationship between role ambiguity and athlete satisfaction ambiguity will lead to decreased satisfaction if high in need of role clarity
44
how can roles be clarified?
by developing an effective goal-setting programme which helps direct players attention towards roles by setting goals associated with them e.g focus on tackling as opposed to running up field
45
what is meant by role acceptance?
improving a team's effectivesness by making ure players accept their roles
46
which role related concept is perceived most important by collegiate athletes?
role acceptance
47
is role acceptance always related to role performance and why?
no as as player may accept a role beyond their capabilities, leading to a sub par performance
48
what 4 conditions does role acceptance depend on?
1. opportunity to use specialised skills or competencies 2. feedback and role recognition 3. role significance 4. autonomy
49
what is the importance of role significance?
players are more willing to accept and carry out their roles if they perceive that their responsibilities contribute to team success
50
what is meant by role conflict?
exists when role occupant doesn't have sufficient ability, motivation, time or understanding to achieve that goal despite consensus of a desired goal or outcome
51
2 most common role conflicts?
"wearing too many hats" - undertaking too many roles | having different people expect different things
52
what is meant by a 'norm'?
a level of performance, pattern of behaviour, or belief
53
examples of norms in a sports team?
practice behaviours dress and hairstyle interactions between rookies and veterans who takes control in critical situations
54
what is meant by the 'norm for productivity'?
the standard for performance and effort accepted by the team
55
who often sets the norm for productivity?
captain or top performer in team | or coach
56
which norm is most frequently cited for competitions, practice and the off-season?
norm for productivity
57
4 factors of multidimensional concept of role clarity an ambiguity?
1) scope of responsibilty 2) behavioural responsibilities 3) evaluation of performance 4) consequences of not fulfilling responsibilities
58
which factor of role ambiguity on offense is related to cognitive and somatic state anxiety?
cognitive state anxiety: scope of responsibility somatic state anxiety: consequences of not fulfilling responsbilities
59
is role ambiguity on defence related to cognitive or somatic state anxiety?
no
60
effect of higher role ambiguity of players in a team?
stated less likely to return to team next year however, didn't affect intentions to continue playing the sport
61
what's one method of creating positive norms?
ask the formal and informal leaders of the team to set posiitve examples
62
what are the 2 main things to consider when modifying team norms?
the source of the communication to change the norms | the nature of communication
63
how to most effectively communicate modification of team norms?
source of communication: powerful, relatable and well liked players are the most persuasive and speaking in a rhetoric, rapid manner is most persuasive nature of communication: present people on both sides of argument, have multiple communications, have novel communications and state conclusions explicitly
64
how does team climate develop?
from how players perceive the interrelationships among the group members
65
who has the final say on team climate?
the coach
66
what are the 6 factors of improving team climate?
1) ) social support 2) ) proximity 3) ) distinctiveness 4) ) fairness 5) ) similarity 6) ) task interdependence
67
what are the 7 types of social support?
``` listening emotional emotional-challenge reality-confirmation task-appreciation task-challenge personal-assistance ```
68
what is the link between proximity and team climate?
people more likely to bond when they are near each other (due to interaction)
69
what is the link between distinctiveness and team climate?
the more distinctive a team feels, the more united and at one they feel achieved through team kit, mottoes
70
what is the link between fairness and team climate?
athletes feel more satisfied if they feel they are being treated fairly by coaches
71
what is the link between similarity and team climate?
athletes with similar attitudes have a more positive team climate
72
what is the link between task interdependence and team climate?
improves team climate as they all benefit if team perform well and rely on each other
73
how to assess team climate?
have athletes complete the Tea Climate Questionnaire in preseason and continually throughout the season tell players it isn't a test and no correct or incorrect answers and anonymity
74
what is Steiner's Model of Actual Productivity?
actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty group processes
75
what does potential productivity mean?
team's possible best performance
76
what are the 2 kinds of losses due to faulty group processes?
motivation losses - when members don't give 100% effort due to reliance on others coordination losses - timing of teammates is off or ineffective strategies used
77
which sports are more susceptible to coordination losses?
those that require complex interaction or coordination e.g football
78
what is meant by 'taskwork knowledge'?
knowledge required to perform a task
79
in which type of sports does the importance of individual differences decrease and the importance of group processes increase?
more cooperation and interaction necessary
80
how to maximise performance if there's 2 players?
players have similar abilties
81
what is the Ringelmann effect?
phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases
82
some examples of how a sport psychologist can enhance team fuctioning?
increase group cohesion develop the coach-athlete relationship facilitate an optimal coaching environment based on the athletes needs
83
what is social loafing?
phenomenon in which individuals in a group or team put forth less than 100% effort due to losses in motivation
84
which conditions enhance probability of social loafing occuring?
contributions of individuals not identified, dispensable or disproportionate to other members task low on meaningfulness individuals strangers
85
does believing social loafing is occuring in your team increase social oafing?
yes
86
what are the 7 factors to reduce social loafing?
1. emphasise importace of unique contributions 2. increase identifiability of individual performances 3. determine specific situations in which loafing may occur 4. conduct individual meetings to discuss loafing 5. assign players to other positions 6. divide the team into smaller units 7. attribute failure to internal unstable factors

Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (16 decks)

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