Chapter 22 Burnout and overtraining

Question 1

Short cycle of training Excessive training loads near
or at maximum capacity
 Overloading, while a normal stage of the physical
training process (e.g., lift, swim, run, ride above the
normal effort in intensity and distance)…
 If pushed too long without adequate rest and
recovery overloading can lead to negative
overtraining (highly individualistic)
 Negative overtraining results in deteriorated
performance, staleness and burnout

Answer 1

Overtraining

Question 2

 Physiological state of overtraining that manifests as deteriorated athletic
readiness and motivation
 Behavioural sign – impaired performance
 Psychological sign – mood disturbance and increased perceptual effort
during exercise

Answer 2

Staleness

Question 3

Psychological response due to frequent but generally ineffective efforts to
meet excessive demands
 Negative experiences from overtraining leading to burnout
 Evident in both team and individual sports

Answer 3

Burnout

Question 4

Over training process based on Kentta et al model 
Over \_\_\_\_\_\_ leads to 
over \_\_\_\_\_\_ leads to 
over \_\_\_\_\_\_ and this leads to
 either
1. P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ overtraining 
2. Maintenance
3. N\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ over training

Answer 4

Over load leads to 
over training leads to 
over reach and this leads to
 either
1. Positive overtraining 
2. Maintenance
3. Negative over training

Question 5

Models of burnout:
 c________________stress model - 1. situational demand, 2. cognitive appraisal, 3. psychological response, 4. behavioural response)
 N______________-training stress response model - Positive and negative psychological and physical adaption to physical training load
 U________________ identity development and external control model - Coakley’s (1992) model, social world not configured into sport, hence if not considered identity and autonomy are compromised leading to burnout
 C_______________ and entrapment theory
 Self-_____________ theory - Associated with BPNT (autonomy, relatedness, competence), OIT (amotivation
to intrinsic motivation)
 I_______________ model of athlete burnout - Sum of other theories (moves between factors such as, antecedence, entrapment, early signs, personality, coping and environment)

Answer 5

 Cognitive-affective stress model - 1. situational demand, 2. cognitive appraisal, 3. psychological response, 4. behavioural response)
 Negative-training stress response model - Positive and negative psychological and physical adaption to physical training load
 Unidimensional identity development and external control model - Coakley’s (1992) model, social world not configured into sport, hence if not considered identity and autonomy are compromised leading to burnout
 Commitment and entrapment theory
 Self-determination theory - Associated with BPNT (autonomy, relatedness, competence), OIT (amotivation
to intrinsic motivation)
 Integrated model of athlete burnout - Sum of other theories (moves between factors such as, antecedence, entrapment, early signs, personality, coping and environment)

Question 6

Theory
Explains burnout more in terms of physical training. Positive adaption is a desirable outcome of training, but too much can lead to negative adaption, and hence to negative training responses.

Answer 6

Negative-training stress response model (Silva 1990)

Question 7

Theory
Model has a more sociological focus. Burnout is simply a symptom. Real cause is the social organization of high performance sport. Young athletes are unable to develop a normal identity.
Social world of competitive sport organized such that athlete’s control & decision making is inhibited, leading to stress & burnout.

Answer 7

Unidimensional identity development & external control model (Coakley 1992)

Question 8

Theory
Explains burnout in context of sport commitment. Athlete prone to burnout feels “entrapped” & do not really want to participate (lose motivation) but lack alternatives.

Answer 8

Commitment & entrapment theory (Raedeke 1997)

Question 9

Theory
People have three basic psychological needs.
1. Autonomy,
2. Competence, &
3. Relatedness.
Individuals who do not have these needs met are more likely to suffer burnout.
Research supported, but only with athletes who had low levels of burnout.

Answer 9

Self-determination theory

Question 10

Theory - one that combines the others

Answer 10

Integrated model of athlete burnout

Question 11

Signs of burnout:
•	Exhaustion both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•	Low \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•	\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ problems
•	Lowered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 11

• Exhaustion both physically & emotionally
• Low motivation & energy
• Concentration problems
• Lowered self-esteem

Question 12

Overtraining & mood states
Athletes have increased __________ disturbance under heavy training workloads, especially over time. The __________ the workload, the greater the mood disturbance.

Answer 12

mood
heavier
Key Point: Successful candidates exhibit high levels of vigour & low levels of negative mood states – an optimal combination. Overtrained athletes exhibit an inverted iceberg profile with pronounced negative states.

Question 13

Ways to measure burnout:

Answer 13

Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (Raedeke & Smith 2001) - based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson 1981).

Question 14

A way to meaure burnout is: Maslach Burnout Inventory
Measures 3 components of burnout:
1. Em________ ex________
2. Depe_________
3. Low sense of pers_______ acc___________

Answer 14

1. Emotional exhaustion
2. Depersonalization
3. Low sense of personal accomplishment
   Emotional exhaustion. This includes feelings of emotional overextension and exhaustion.
   Depersonalization. This appears as an unfeeling and impersonal response to other people in one’s environment. Feelings toward people are detached,
   and there is a sense of just going through the motions.
   Low sense of personal accomplishment. This refers to a decreased feeling of competence and achievement in one’s work with people. Low feelings of achievement often result in perceived lack of ability to control situations.

Question 15

Successful athletes exhibit high levels of v______ and low levels of n_________ mood states—an optimal combination. Overtrained athletes show an inverted __________ profile, with pronounced n_________ states.

Answer 15

Successful athletes exhibit high levels of vigor and low levels of negative mood states—an optimal combination. Overtrained athletes show an inverted iceberg profile, with pronounced negative states.

Question 16

Gender - most studies show that _________ burn out more than ____________

Answer 16

females than males

Question 17

Age - ___________ burn out more than _________

Answer 17

young than old

Question 18

Entrapment - people who feel entrapped have ________ burnout than those that dont.

Answer 18

more

Question 19

Treatment and Prevention of Burnout

• M_________ critical states in athletes.
• Co__________.
• Foster an aut________-supportive co_______ style.
• Set short-term ________ for competition and _______.
• Take ____________ breaks.
• Learn self-regulation skills.
• Keep a _________outlook.
• Manage post-competition _________.
• Stay in good ___________ condition

Answer 19

• Monitor critical states in athletes.
• Communicate.
• Foster an autonomy-supportive coaching style.
• Set short-term goals for competition and practice.
• Take relaxation breaks.
• Learn self-regulation skills.
• Keep a positive outlook.
• Manage post-competition emotions.
• Stay in good physical condition

Question 20

Gould research on young tennis players:
Advice for Other Players:
4 things

Answer 20

Play for your own reasons.
Try to make it fun.
Balance tennis and other things.
Take time off and relax.

Question 21

Gould research on young tennis players:
Advice for Parents??
5 things

Answer 21

Recognize what is an optimal amount of “pushing.”
Give support, show empathy, and reduce the importance of outcome.
Involve players in decision making.
Lessen involvement.

Question 22

Gould research on young tennis players:
Advice for Coaches:
4 things

Answer 22

Have two-way communication with players.
Use player input.
Cultivate personal involvement with players.
Understand players’ feelings.

Question 23

Athletes have increased mood disturbance under especially heavy training workloads, especially over time. The heavier the workload, the greater the mood disturbance.

Answer 23

Athletes have increased mood disturbance under especially heavy training workloads, especially over time. The heavier the workload, the greater the mood disturbance.

Question 24

Iceberg model:
Morgan called an iceberg profile (see chapter 2). The iceberg profile shows that, compared with the population average, more successful athletes tend to score higher on vigor and lower on anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion (figure 21.5). Interestingly, when athletes are overtrained and become stale because of
the increased training demands, they display an inverted iceberg profile; that is, the negative states of depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and tension become elevated and vigor is decreased.

Answer 24

Iceberg model:
Morgan called an iceberg profile (see chapter 2). The iceberg profile shows that, compared with the population average, more successful athletes tend to score higher on vigor and lower on anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion (figure 21.5). Interestingly, when athletes are overtrained and become stale because of
the increased training demands, they display an inverted iceberg profile; that is, the negative states of depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and tension become elevated and vigor is decreased.

Question 25

What all 6 burnout models have in common??

Answer 25

Perception of the athlete about their situation. If you could change their perception than burnout may decrease.