arousal, stress and anxiety

Question 1

what is arousal?

Answer 1

a blend of physiological and psychological activation, varying in intensity along a continuum

Question 2

the 2 sides of the arousal continuum?

Answer 2

from deep sleep to frenzy (high level of mind and body energy)

Question 3

what is anxiety?

Answer 3

negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body

Question 4

cognitive component of anxiety?

Answer 4

changes in worries and negative thoughts

Question 5

somatic component of anxiety?

Answer 5

changes in perceived physiological arousal

physical symtpoms of worry (cognitive anxiety)

Question 6

what is trait anxiety?

Answer 6

disposition that predisposes one to view nondangerous circumstaces as threatening and to respond with disproportionate state anxiety levels

stable over time

Question 7

what is state anxiety?

Answer 7

moment-to-moment changes in feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body

“right now” feelings

Question 8

what is cognitive state anxiety?

Answer 8

moment-to-moment changes in worries and negative thoughts

Question 9

what is somatic state anxiety?

Answer 9

moment-to-moment changes in perceived physiological arousal

Question 10

who is more likely to have more state anxiety in a situation?

Answer 10

high not low trait anxious people

Question 11

the 2 ways to measure anxiety and arousal?

Answer 11

physiological signs

CSAI-2- competitive state anxiety inventory

Question 12

which physiological signs to measure and issues with this way of measurement?

Answer 12

heart rate, respiration etc

could increase due to awareness of being measured

may be altered due to a different factor so lack of direct causality

Question 13

what are the 3 scales of CSAI-2 and what does it stand for?

Answer 13

cognitive anxiety
somatic anxiety
self-confidence

competitive state anxiety inventory

Question 14

what is stress?

Answer 14

how hard a task is compared to our perceived capability of doing it (doesn’t matter if we are able if don’t think we are)

Question 15

in what situation would there be a low amount of stress?

Answer 15

low task demand and high perceived capability

Question 16

what are the 4 stages of the stress process?

Answer 16

environmental demand

individual’s perception of the environmental demand

stress response

behavioural consequences

Question 17

when does stress occur?

Answer 17

when there’s a substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands and the perceived capability to complete them

Question 18

what is environemtnal demand?

Answer 18

could be a physical demand e.g batting in baseball

could be a psychological demand e.g pressure from parents

Question 19

what is perception of demand?

Answer 19

amount of “threat” perceived in a situation (imbalance between demand and capability) which is hihgly influenced by individuals level of trait anxiety

Question 20

what is the stress response?

Answer 20

physical and psychological response to perception of situation

stress repsonse would involve increased state anxiety, inrceased worries, heightened pyhsiological arousal and increased muscle tension
IF perceive imbalance between demands and ability

Question 21

what are the behaviural consequences?

Answer 21

actual behaviour of individual under stress: if state anxiety increases, will the indivdual deteriorate or will performance improve?

Question 22

why does the final stage in the stress process feed back to the first?

Answer 22

if indivdual performs poorly, other people may laugh and so additional psycholigcal demand on child and continues

Question 23

what are some sources of stress for coaches?

Answer 23

inability to control athletes performance, communication

pressure of so many roles

Question 24

what are some stress sources for officials?

Answer 24

making controversial call, confrontatins with coaches and players and physical abuse

Question 25

will parental pressure increase perception of anxiety more in an ego motivational climtae (focus on outcome) or a mastery motiational climate (focus on imporvemtn)?

Answer 25

ego motivational climate

Question 26

what are the two situational sources of stress?

Answer 26

event importance | uncertainty surrounding outcome

Question 27

what is event importance?

Answer 27

more important the event, more stress provoking it is event importance is subjective as may seem much more important to one person than the others e.g being watched by scouts

Question 28

what is uncertainty?

Answer 28

greater the uncertainty, the greater the stress | causes stress both in and outside of sport

Question 29

what does the drive theory state?

Answer 29

as an indivdual's arousal or state anxiety increases, so too does performance relationship direct and linear

Question 30

what does the inverted U-hypothesis state?

Answer 30

that physiological arousal leads to increased performance up to a point and then it decreases if arousal continues to increase

Question 31

what is the izof hypothesis?

Answer 31

indivudalised zones of optimal functioning

Question 32

what does the izof hypothesis state?

Answer 32

those with a low izof perform best / 'in the zone'when state anxiety level is low those with high izof perform best / 'in the zone' when state anxiety level high positive nd negative eotions that both enhance and hinder performance and differs for individuals

Question 33

what does the catastrophe model state about those with low cognitive anxiety?

Answer 33

physiological arousal increases with performance up to a point and then when it continues, the performance decreases

Question 34

what does the catastrophe model state about those with high cognitive anxiety?

Answer 34

physiological arousal increases with performance up to a point, then steadily decreases then plumets states it is possible to then improve performance again if arousal levels reduce

Question 35

what is the main issue with the inverted u, catasrophe model, izof and drive theory?

Answer 35

don't include an individual's interpretation of anxiety symtpoms

Question 36

what is essential to consider when understanding the anxiety-performance relationship?

Answer 36

intensity : how much anxiety someone feels | direction : whether the individual interprets the anxiety as facilitating or debilitating to performance

Question 37

what does Jones model of facilitative and debilitative anxiety state? /anxiety direction and instensity

Answer 37

how an individual interprets the 'stressor' of anxiety (dependent on trait anxiety and self-esteem) whether the individual believes themselves to be in control and has positive / negative expectancies of ability to cope and goal attainment (facilitative or debilitative to performance)

Question 38

what does viewing anxiety as facilitative lead to?

Answer 38

superior performance to someone seeing anxiety as debilitative

Question 39

what leads to someone viewing anxiety as facilitative?

Answer 39

if state anxiety is viewed as controllable and person has self-confidence

Question 40

what are the 3 personal sources of stress?

Answer 40

trait anxiety self-esteem social physique anxiety

Question 41

how does self esteem relate to stress?

Answer 41

lower self esteem = lower confidence and higher state anxiety

Question 42

what is social physique anxiety?

Answer 42

the degree to which people become anxious when others observe their physiques experience more stress during fitness evaluation negative correlation between social physique anxiety and perceived physical ability

Question 43

how to prevent / reduce social physique anxiety?

Answer 43

physical actvity intervetions e.g allowing baggy tops instead of tight ones can increase participation in physical activity

Question 44

criticisms of the drive theory?

Answer 44

no start or end points

Question 45

criticims of the inverted u theory?

Answer 45

whether optimal performance always occurs at the mid arousal point

Question 46

crticisms of the izof model?

Answer 46

doesn't explain why indivduals zones of optimal performance

Question 47

what does multidimensional anxiety theory predict?

Answer 47

that cognitive state anxiety is negatively related to performance somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U

Question 48

criticism of multidimensional anxiety theory?

Answer 48

cogntive state anxiety not always detrimental to performance, depends on individuals perception of anxiety

Question 49

what does reversal theory state?

Answer 49

one has to perceive high arousal as good to perform well | can reverse interpretations of arousal moment-to-moment

Question 50

what does frequency of anxiety state?

Answer 50

those who view anxiety as facilitative have lower frequencies of cognitive anxiety and higher frequencies of self-confidence in precomptetition knowing how frequentl and when people have anxiety is helpful

Question 51

term for when arousal seen as positive?

Answer 51

psyching up

Question 52

term for when arousal seen as negative?

Answer 52

psyching out

Question 53

2 ways arousal influeces performance?

Answer 53

muscle tension, fatigue and co-ordination difficulties attention, concentration and visual search changes

Question 54

what is the link between arousal and an indivdual's visual field?

Answer 54

increased arousal narrows performers attentional field so may only focus on one thing not all important aspects of a situation e.g the goalkeeper not the ball under arousal leads to a broad attentional focus taking in task-relevant and irrelevant information

Question 55

link between arousal and scanning?

Answer 55

high arousal = less scanning so less likely to pick up more than one thing at a time

Question 56

link between arousal and attention and concentration?

Answer 56

high arousal may lead one to shift to dominant attention style which isn't appropriate for task at hand high arousal and state anxiety may lead to one focusing on inappropriate cues such as cognitive anxiety (worrying about worrying) so not concentrating

Question 57

link between anxiety visual attention?

Answer 57

higher anxiety disrupts visual attention reducing quiet eye period

Question 58

5 guidelines to applying arousal, stress and anxiety knowledge to professional practice?

Answer 58

1. identify optimal combination of arousal related emotions for best performance 2. recognise how personal and situational factors influence arousal, axniety and performance 3. recognise signs of increased arousal and anxiety in ppts 4. tailr coaching practices to individuals (arousal and tate anxiety may need to be reduced, maintained or increased) 5. develop confidence of individuals to help cope with stress and anxiety (e.g positive practice environment and to view mistakes as building blocks to progress)

Question 59

some signs and symtpoms of increased stress and anxiety?

Answer 59

cold, clammy hands constant need to pee sweating inability to sleep or concentrate

Question 60

how to establish a sense of control in an athlete?

Answer 60

practice the event in a similar situation practice trivial tasks to instill confidence in athlete

Question 61

how to prevent choking?

Answer 61

hype up the importance of the event in training in orer to make them train harder when it comes to the event, play down the importance and don't allow them to think about consequences

Question 62

what is choking?

Answer 62

the result of attentional disturbances cause by self-focus or distraction (e.g thinking about the negative consequences of the action)

Question 63

examples of how to intervene at each stage of stress process?

Answer 63

environmental demand : practice perception of demand : positive self-talk stress response : deep breathing behavioural consequences : attribute behaviour to something else (e.g it was raining so performance worse)

Question 64

what does unidimensionality mean in terms of the inverted U hypothesis?

Answer 64

it puts anxiety, stress and arousal as one