Chapter 14 Imagery Flashcards
Through __________ you can create __________ experiences or picture new events to prepare your self mentally for performance.
imagery
positive
Imagery should involve many s__________
sensors
Moving sense
kinesthetic sense
Create or re-create an experience in the mind that is not currently being perceived by the sense organs
Imagery
___________ rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt movement
cognitive
Characteristics of imagery
- should involve as many _____________ as possible
- It is the ________ of an event
senses
simulation
Five key characteristics of imagery (Cumming & Williams 2012).
- __________The senses used. kinaesthetic, auditory, visual, tactile, & olfactory.
- _________ First person (internal) or third person (external).
- _________ Viewed from above, behind, front, back or side.
- ________ Who is doing the behaviour.
- ________Degree to which imagery is deliberate or spontaneous.
Modality. Perspective. angle agency Deliberation
Five key characteristics of imagery - C____ W _____
Cumming & Williams 2012).
Uses of imagery Improve c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (prevents mind from \_\_\_\_\_) enhance m\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Build c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control e\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ r\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and correct sport skills a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ strategy prepare for C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cope with p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and i\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solve problems
concentration / wandering motivation confidence emotional responses acquire, practise and correct sport skills acquire and practice strategy prepare for competition pain and injury solve problems
______% Psychologists and _____% of Olympic athletes use imagery
100% and 90%
VMBR - combines relaxation with rehersal
visuomotor behaviour rehearsal
Evidence fmm _____________ in support of imagery’ is ____________ and clearly demonstrates the value of imagery’ in learning and performing ____________
scientific experiments
impressive
motor skills
Athletes use imagery in __________ and competition
practice
competition
when do athletes images
Imagery is under used after practice and competition.
Why use imagery? P_______ distinguishes two reasons ______________ and _____________
Pavio
motivational and cognitive
Visualize specific goals and goal oriented behaviour. Imagery helps to set goals and then to adhere to training in order to reach them.
Motivational specific (MS).
MG-M Ex: Imagining performing well to maintain confidence.
(motivational general- mastery).
MG-A Using imagery to help achieve relaxation & control.
(motivational general – arousal).
Focusses on performance of specific motor skills.
Cognitive specific (CS).
Refers to rehearsing whole of game plans, strategies, or routine. Effective for learning strategy (in conjunction with physical practice).
Cognitive general (CG).
most often reported during competition and have an adverse effect on performance. Suppressing imagery (not thinking about the miss) produces significantly poorer performance than using positive imagery.
Negative imagery
Athletes use four types:
- V________
- K________
- A________
- O________
Athletes use four types:
- Visual
- Kinaesthetic
- Auditory
- Olfactory
Image the skill from own viewpoint. This emphasizes the feel of the movement. Adding kinaesthetic imagery to internal imagery produced significantly better performance.
Internal imagery
Athlete views self from perspective of the outside observer. Little feel of kinaesthetic movement.
External imagery
View reliable differences in effectiveness of the two have been reported. Many used both, some one or the other.
Imagery helps all levels, but effects stronger for ___________ athlete.
experienced
Theory? Imagery activates neuromuscular activity.
Strengthen neural pathways extending to the peripheral muscular region
Psychoneuromuscular Theory
Theory??
• Imagery helps us understand movement patterns (a symbolic coding)
• MR strengthens cognitive blueprint for motor program. eg Practice top spin on a tennis service
Sacket (1934).
Imagery functions as a coding system to help understand and acquire movement patterns.
Becoming familiar helps the learning of a skills.
Symbolic Learning Theory
Theory??
Lang (1977, 1979).
Image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain
Stimulus propositions – describe the specific stimulus features of the scenario imagined.
Response Stimulus – statements that describe the imagers response to the scenario. They are designed to produce physiological activity.
Crucial point is that the response is integral to the imagery. Imagery scripts should include both the stimulus and the response.
Bioinformational Theory
Theory of imagery??
Ahsen (1984).
Three essential parts – ISM.
1. I (_______). The image.
2. S (_________). Act of imagination results in psychophysiological changes in the body.
3. M (_________). Mostly ignored by other models.
Hence, same imagery will produce different results for different people.
Triple Code Model
itself
somatic response
meaning
Psychological Explanations
____________ _____________ Argues that imagery functions as a preparatory set that assists in achieving the optimal ____________ level.
Attention-arousal set theory.
Arousal
- Imagery ability – Vividness; Controllability
- Dose response – Amount of MP; Using with physical practice
- Skill level of performer – High vs low skill of performer
- Nature of the task – Cognitive versus Motor
- Environment - Open (unpredictable, changing) versus Closed (predictable, unchanging)
- Imagery perspective – Internal; External
Keys to effective imagery
V___________
Good images use all of the senses. Experience the emotions and thoughts of actual competition. Include anxiety, concentration, frustration, exhilaration or anger.
Vividness
C__________________
Control your images so they do what you want them to. Controlling the imagery helps to picture what is to be accomplished rather than yet another error.
Controllability
C___________________ and N______________
Positive versus negative imagery. The ironic process of mental control – the negative image becomes reality.
Correctness & nature of imagery
PETTLEP guidelines.
- ____________ nature of the movement.
- ___________specifics.
- _____ type.
- T________ of the movement. Real time.
- L________ the content of the movement.
- E______ of the movement (the meaning to the individual).
- P_________ of the person (internal or external).
Physical Environment task timing learning emotion perspective
M_________ I _________ I________ M__________ (Guillot & Collet, 2008) – posits 4 areas where imagery affects performance.
- M__________ learning & performance.
- S__________ & problem solving.
- M________, self-confidence & anxiety.
- ________ rehabilitation.
Motor imagery integrative model
- Motor learning & performance.
- Strategies & problem solving.
- Motivation, self-confidence & anxiety.
- Injury rehabilitation.
When to use imagery
Can be used any time. The more it is used, the better the performance.
• Before & after practice. Systematically include 10 at start and 10 minutes at end of practice.
• Before & after competition. Imagery helps athletes focus on upcoming competition. Optimal timing is different for different folk. Must fit comfortably into pre-comp routine – not rushed or forced.
• During off season – good time to stay in practice.
• During breaks in the season. Any dead time is ideal for use of imagery.
• During personal time. Set aside 10 minutes at home or anywhere.
• When recovering from injury. Imagery used with relaxation exercises to reduce anxiety about injury. Positive images of healing and full recovery have been shown to enhance recovery.
Tips & guidelines for implementing successful imagery training program
- Practice many settings. Start in quiet areas, but practice in many settings. As skills develop use amid distractions. Use in competition.
- Aim for relaxed concentration. Imagery preceded by relaxation is more effective than imagery alone.
- Realistic expectations & sufficient motivation. The truth is that imagery can improve skills if worked at systematically.
- Use vivid & controllable images. Use all the senses. Work on controlling images to do what you want them to.
- Apply imagery to specific situations. Tailored to individual needs.
- Maintain positive focus. Focus on positive outcomes. Use imagery to help prepare for eventuality of making a mistake and then effectively coping with the error.
- Consider use of video & audio. Athletes find imaging themselves difficult. Video perfect shots, player playing well and confidently, often with specific verbal cues.
- Include execution & outcome. Need to feel the movement and the outcome. For sports that use an implement (croquet, tennis0 imagery should focus on movement itself and not trajectory of the ball (which is external to the movement itself).
- Image timing. Imagery in real time makes the transfer to real life easier. Keeping real and imagined movements similar is more important for closed tasks where timing is under athlete’s control.
- Frequency, duration & intensity of imagery training.
a. 3 or 4 sessions per week.
b. Sessions last 15 minutes (up to 30 if needed for the sport).
c. Several repetitions in every session.
d. Shorter sessions if concentration wanes.
e. Imagery training systematic and regular part of training.
