Chapter 14 Imagery

Question 1

Through __________ you can create __________ experiences or picture new events to prepare your self mentally for performance.

Answer 1

imagery

positive

Question 2

Imagery should involve many s__________

Answer 2

sensors

Question 3

Moving sense

Answer 3

kinesthetic sense

Question 4

Create or re-create an experience in the mind that is not currently being perceived by the sense organs

Answer 4

Imagery

Question 5

___________ rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt movement

Answer 5

cognitive

Question 6

Characteristics of imagery

• should involve as many _____________ as possible
• It is the ________ of an event

Answer 6

senses

simulation

Question 7

Five key characteristics of imagery (Cumming & Williams 2012).

1. __________The senses used. kinaesthetic, auditory, visual, tactile, & olfactory.
2. _________ First person (internal) or third person (external).
3. _________ Viewed from above, behind, front, back or side.
4. ________ Who is doing the behaviour.
5. ________Degree to which imagery is deliberate or spontaneous.

Answer 7

Modality. 
Perspective.
angle 
agency
Deliberation

Question 8

Five key characteristics of imagery - C____ W _____

Answer 8

Cumming & Williams 2012).

Question 9

Uses of imagery 
Improve c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (prevents mind from \_\_\_\_\_)
enhance m\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Build c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
control e\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ r\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and correct sport skills
a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ strategy  
prepare for C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cope with p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and i\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
solve problems

Answer 9

concentration / wandering 
motivation 
confidence 
emotional responses 
acquire, practise and correct sport skills 
acquire and practice strategy 
prepare for competition 
pain and injury 
solve problems

Question 10

______% Psychologists and _____% of Olympic athletes use imagery

Answer 10

100% and 90%

Question 11

VMBR - combines relaxation with rehersal

Answer 11

visuomotor behaviour rehearsal

Question 12

Evidence fmm _____________ in support of imagery’ is ____________ and clearly demonstrates the value of imagery’ in learning and performing ____________

Answer 12

scientific experiments
impressive
motor skills

Question 13

Athletes use imagery in __________ and competition

Answer 13

practice

competition

Question 14

when do athletes images

Answer 14

Imagery is under used after practice and competition.

Question 15

Why use imagery? P_______ distinguishes two reasons ______________ and _____________

Answer 15

Pavio

motivational and cognitive

Question 16

Visualize specific goals and goal oriented behaviour. Imagery helps to set goals and then to adhere to training in order to reach them.

Answer 16

Motivational specific (MS).

Question 17

MG-M Ex: Imagining performing well to maintain confidence.

Answer 17

(motivational general- mastery).

Question 18

MG-A Using imagery to help achieve relaxation & control.

Answer 18

(motivational general – arousal).

Question 19

Focusses on performance of specific motor skills.

Answer 19

Cognitive specific (CS).

Question 20

Refers to rehearsing whole of game plans, strategies, or routine. Effective for learning strategy (in conjunction with physical practice).

Answer 20

Cognitive general (CG).

Question 21

most often reported during competition and have an adverse effect on performance. Suppressing imagery (not thinking about the miss) produces significantly poorer performance than using positive imagery.

Answer 21

Negative imagery

Question 22

Athletes use four types:

1. V________
2. K________
3. A________
4. O________

Answer 22

Athletes use four types:

1. Visual
2. Kinaesthetic
3. Auditory
4. Olfactory

Question 23

Image the skill from own viewpoint. This emphasizes the feel of the movement. Adding kinaesthetic imagery to internal imagery produced significantly better performance.

Answer 23

Internal imagery

Question 24

Athlete views self from perspective of the outside observer. Little feel of kinaesthetic movement.

Answer 24

External imagery

View reliable differences in effectiveness of the two have been reported. Many used both, some one or the other.

Question 25

Imagery helps all levels, but effects stronger for ___________ athlete.

Answer 25

experienced

Question 26

Theory? Imagery activates neuromuscular activity. | Strengthen neural pathways extending to the peripheral muscular region

Answer 26

Psychoneuromuscular Theory

Question 27

Theory?? • Imagery helps us understand movement patterns (a symbolic coding) • MR strengthens cognitive blueprint for motor program. eg Practice top spin on a tennis service Sacket (1934). Imagery functions as a coding system to help understand and acquire movement patterns. Becoming familiar helps the learning of a skills.

Answer 27

Symbolic Learning Theory

Question 28

Theory?? Lang (1977, 1979). Image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain Stimulus propositions – describe the specific stimulus features of the scenario imagined. Response Stimulus – statements that describe the imagers response to the scenario. They are designed to produce physiological activity. Crucial point is that the response is integral to the imagery. Imagery scripts should include both the stimulus and the response.

Answer 28

Bioinformational Theory

Question 29

Theory of imagery?? Ahsen (1984). Three essential parts – ISM. 1. I (_______). The image. 2. S (_________). Act of imagination results in psychophysiological changes in the body. 3. M (_________). Mostly ignored by other models. Hence, same imagery will produce different results for different people.

Answer 29

Triple Code Model itself somatic response meaning

Question 30

Psychological Explanations ____________ _____________ Argues that imagery functions as a preparatory set that assists in achieving the optimal ____________ level.

Answer 30

Attention-arousal set theory. | Arousal

Question 31

1. Imagery ability – Vividness; Controllability 2. Dose response – Amount of MP; Using with physical practice 3. Skill level of performer – High vs low skill of performer 4. Nature of the task – Cognitive versus Motor 5. Environment - Open (unpredictable, changing) versus Closed (predictable, unchanging) 6. Imagery perspective – Internal; External

Answer 31

Keys to effective imagery

Question 32

V___________ Good images use all of the senses. Experience the emotions and thoughts of actual competition. Include anxiety, concentration, frustration, exhilaration or anger.

Answer 32

Vividness

Question 33

C__________________ Control your images so they do what you want them to. Controlling the imagery helps to picture what is to be accomplished rather than yet another error.

Answer 33

Controllability

Question 34

C___________________ and N______________ | Positive versus negative imagery. The ironic process of mental control – the negative image becomes reality.

Answer 34

Correctness & nature of imagery

Question 35

PETTLEP guidelines. 1. ____________ nature of the movement. 2. ___________specifics. 3. _____ type. 4. T________ of the movement. Real time. 5. L________ the content of the movement. 6. E______ of the movement (the meaning to the individual). 7. P_________ of the person (internal or external).

Answer 35

``` Physical Environment task timing learning emotion perspective ```

Question 36

M_________ I _________ I________ M__________ (Guillot & Collet, 2008) – posits 4 areas where imagery affects performance. 1. M__________ learning & performance. 2. S__________ & problem solving. 3. M________, self-confidence & anxiety. 4. ________ rehabilitation.

Answer 36

Motor imagery integrative model 1. Motor learning & performance. 2. Strategies & problem solving. 3. Motivation, self-confidence & anxiety. 4. Injury rehabilitation.

Question 37

When to use imagery

Answer 37

Can be used any time. The more it is used, the better the performance. • Before & after practice. Systematically include 10 at start and 10 minutes at end of practice. • Before & after competition. Imagery helps athletes focus on upcoming competition. Optimal timing is different for different folk. Must fit comfortably into pre-comp routine – not rushed or forced. • During off season – good time to stay in practice. • During breaks in the season. Any dead time is ideal for use of imagery. • During personal time. Set aside 10 minutes at home or anywhere. • When recovering from injury. Imagery used with relaxation exercises to reduce anxiety about injury. Positive images of healing and full recovery have been shown to enhance recovery.

Question 38

Tips & guidelines for implementing successful imagery training program

Answer 38

1. Practice many settings. Start in quiet areas, but practice in many settings. As skills develop use amid distractions. Use in competition. 2. Aim for relaxed concentration. Imagery preceded by relaxation is more effective than imagery alone. 3. Realistic expectations & sufficient motivation. The truth is that imagery can improve skills if worked at systematically. 4. Use vivid & controllable images. Use all the senses. Work on controlling images to do what you want them to. 5. Apply imagery to specific situations. Tailored to individual needs. 6. Maintain positive focus. Focus on positive outcomes. Use imagery to help prepare for eventuality of making a mistake and then effectively coping with the error. 7. Consider use of video & audio. Athletes find imaging themselves difficult. Video perfect shots, player playing well and confidently, often with specific verbal cues. 8. Include execution & outcome. Need to feel the movement and the outcome. For sports that use an implement (croquet, tennis0 imagery should focus on movement itself and not trajectory of the ball (which is external to the movement itself). 9. Image timing. Imagery in real time makes the transfer to real life easier. Keeping real and imagined movements similar is more important for closed tasks where timing is under athlete’s control. 10. Frequency, duration & intensity of imagery training. a. 3 or 4 sessions per week. b. Sessions last 15 minutes (up to 30 if needed for the sport). c. Several repetitions in every session. d. Shorter sessions if concentration wanes. e. Imagery training systematic and regular part of training.