Group and Elements COMMON PROPERTIES

Question 1

• Most reactive group (seldom free in nature)
• Soluble group
• Cations are stable chemically
• Activity, alkalinity: ____ with atomic number
• Degree of solvation: ____ with atomic number

Answer 1

↑

↓

GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS

VALENCE: +1
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH4+

Question 2

• One electron in the valence shell followed by 18 electrons in the next shell
• Exist in __________ state
• They form covalent bonds with the _______
• Malleable, Conductor of heat and electricity:

3rd: _____
2nd: _____
1st: ______

Occurrence:
- Free or in complexes/chelates (easily recover from ore- ________)

Answer 2

polyvalent state
halides

3rd: Cu +1, +2
2nd: Ag +1
1st: Au +1, +3

Metallurgy

GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS
Cu, Au, Ag

Question 3

• _________ cations
• Form ionic salts and oxides
• Except ____ and ____, reduce water releasing hydrogen and an alkaline solution
• Except ____, is attacked by oxygen to form oxides and metals
• salts formed are generally insoluble except for ________

Answer 3

Bivalent

Be and Mg

Be

hydroxides

GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Question 4

• Forms ionic and covalent bonds
• Oxides are stable – decreasing as atomic number increases
• Halides are generally soluble especially ____, ____, ____

Answer 4

GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS

Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer”

ZnCl2
CdSO4
Hg(NO3)

Question 5

• ____ and ___ are pharmaceutically useful
• Tendency to form covalent bonds
• Readily oxidized when heated in air, although stable at room temperature
• _______ are readily reduced back to the free metal
• React readily with __, _____ and ______ (form ______, ______, _____)

Answer 5

B and Al

Oxides

S, halogens, oxygen
sulfides, halides, oxides

GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl

Question 6

• Scandium (Sc)
• Yttrium (Y)
• Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57 – 71)
• Actinides series (Ac – Ir; 89 – 103)

Answer 6

GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM GROUP

Question 7

• Most important is __________
• Biochemically, is the basic building block of organic compounds
• ___ is the 2nd most abundant element, found in the earth’s crust (present in sand, soil, stones, glass)
• Valence
• Max is 4
• Lower valence: -ous
• Higher: -ic
• SnO – stannous oxide
• SnO2 – stannic oxide

Answer 7

Carbon

Si

GROUP IVA: CARBON GROUP
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

Question 8

• Valence (__, __, __)
• ____________ are colorless, lower valences produce colored salts
• Forms stable complexes with halides
• Occur in nature only in the ______ state

Answer 8

+2, +3, +4

Tetravalent compounds

combined

GROUP IVB: TITANIUM SUBGROUP
Ti, Zr, HF

Question 9

• Valence (__, __)
• Capable of forming both ionic and covalent bonds
• Form hydrides with hydrogen
• Readily react with oxygen to form oxides
• Readily form __________
• Readily form _______ which are high colored – used as pigments/dyes
• __, __: nonmetals
• ___: metalloid
• __, __: metals

Answer 9

+3, +5

pentahalides

sulfides

N, P - nonmetals
As - metalloid
Sb, Bi - metals

GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY
N, P, As, Sb, Bi

Question 10

• Oxidation states ___ to ___
• They are unreactive or inert, hence used for corrosion-resistant application in medicine
• Ex. Screens, plates and wires to be left in the body

______________:
- Used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones
- Does not affect tissues

Answer 10

+2 to +5

tantalum

GROUP VB: VANADIUM SUBGROUP
V, Nb, Ta

Question 11

• Among the most electronegative elements of the periodic table
• Elements are __________
• Can form binary compounds with other members of the family
• Form _______ (RH2)
• With 6 valence electrons
• ________, _______, _______ of alkali and alkaline earth metals are water soluble, but the corresponding salts of the other metals are highly water insoluble

Answer 11

nonmetallic

hydrides (RH2)

Sulfides, selenides, tellurides

GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY/SULFUR FAMILY

CHALCOGENS: O, S, Se, Te, Po

Question 12

• Reacts with oxygen to form oxides
• Have a tendency to unite with oxygen and in such form replace the H of acids to form salts
• Low oxidation state oxides are very _____ while the higher ones are _____ (________, _______, ________)

Answer 12

basic
acidic

chromates, molybdates, tungstates

GROUP VIB
Cr, Mo, W, Uranium

Question 13

• Most ___________ elements
• Reduce and promote oxidation of some other substances
• ___, ___ – oxidizing agents
• ___, ___ – reducing agents
• Physical state changes as atomic number _________
• React with hydrogen at a decreasing rate to form hydrides (gases)

Answer 13

electronegative

F, Cl
Br, I

increases

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS

VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At

Question 14

• Oxides react with water to
  form ____
• 4 types of ________
• _____ - _____ (hypochlorous)
• _____ - _____ (chlorous acid)
• _____ - _____ (chloric acid)
• _____ - _____ (perchloric acid)

Answer 14

acis

oxyacids

• HOX – HOCl (hypochlorous)
• HOXO – HOClO (chlorous acid)
• HOXO2 – HOClO2 (chloric acid)
• HOXO3 – HOClO3 (perchloric acid)

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS

VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At

Question 15

• Halides salts are soluble except halides of Ag, Hg, and Pb

Physical state and color

___ – pale, yellow gas

___ – greenish, yellow gas

___ – reddish brown liquid

___ – black solid/ violet gas

Answer 15

F – pale, yellow gas

Cl – greenish, yellow gas

Br – reddish brown liquid

I – black solid/ violet gas

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS
VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At

Question 16

GROUP VIIB: _________

Answer 16

GROUP VIIB : MANGANESE SUBGROUP

Mn, Tc, Re, Bh

Question 17

GROUP VIIIA: _____________

Answer 17

INERT/NOBLE/STABLE GAS

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn