Group and Elements COMMON PROPERTIES Flashcards
- Most reactive group (seldom free in nature)
- Soluble group
- Cations are stable chemically
- Activity, alkalinity: ____ with atomic number
- Degree of solvation: ____ with atomic number
↑
↓
GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS
VALENCE: +1
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH4+
- One electron in the valence shell followed by 18 electrons in the next shell
- Exist in __________ state
- They form covalent bonds with the _______
- Malleable, Conductor of heat and electricity:
3rd: _____
2nd: _____
1st: ______
Occurrence:
- Free or in complexes/chelates (easily recover from ore- ________)
polyvalent state
halides
3rd: Cu +1, +2
2nd: Ag +1
1st: Au +1, +3
Metallurgy
GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS
Cu, Au, Ag
- _________ cations
- Form ionic salts and oxides
- Except ____ and ____, reduce water releasing hydrogen and an alkaline solution
- Except ____, is attacked by oxygen to form oxides and metals
- salts formed are generally insoluble except for ________
Bivalent
Be and Mg
Be
hydroxides
GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
- Forms ionic and covalent bonds
- Oxides are stable – decreasing as atomic number increases
- Halides are generally soluble especially ____, ____, ____
GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS
Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer”
ZnCl2
CdSO4
Hg(NO3)
- ____ and ___ are pharmaceutically useful
- Tendency to form covalent bonds
- Readily oxidized when heated in air, although stable at room temperature
- _______ are readily reduced back to the free metal
- React readily with __, _____ and ______ (form ______, ______, _____)
B and Al
Oxides
S, halogens, oxygen
sulfides, halides, oxides
GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
- Scandium (Sc)
- Yttrium (Y)
- Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57 – 71)
- Actinides series (Ac – Ir; 89 – 103)
GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM GROUP
- Most important is __________
- Biochemically, is the basic building block of organic compounds
- ___ is the 2nd most abundant element, found in the earth’s crust (present in sand, soil, stones, glass)
- Valence
- Max is 4
- Lower valence: -ous
- Higher: -ic
- SnO – stannous oxide
- SnO2 – stannic oxide
Carbon
Si
GROUP IVA: CARBON GROUP
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
- Valence (__, __, __)
- ____________ are colorless, lower valences produce colored salts
- Forms stable complexes with halides
- Occur in nature only in the ______ state
+2, +3, +4
Tetravalent compounds
combined
GROUP IVB: TITANIUM SUBGROUP
Ti, Zr, HF
- Valence (__, __)
- Capable of forming both ionic and covalent bonds
- Form hydrides with hydrogen
- Readily react with oxygen to form oxides
- Readily form __________
- Readily form _______ which are high colored – used as pigments/dyes
- __, __: nonmetals
- ___: metalloid
- __, __: metals
+3, +5
pentahalides
sulfides
N, P - nonmetals
As - metalloid
Sb, Bi - metals
GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY
N, P, As, Sb, Bi
- Oxidation states ___ to ___
- They are unreactive or inert, hence used for corrosion-resistant application in medicine
- Ex. Screens, plates and wires to be left in the body
______________:
- Used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones
- Does not affect tissues
+2 to +5
tantalum
GROUP VB: VANADIUM SUBGROUP
V, Nb, Ta
- Among the most electronegative elements of the periodic table
- Elements are __________
- Can form binary compounds with other members of the family
- Form _______ (RH2)
- With 6 valence electrons
- ________, _______, _______ of alkali and alkaline earth metals are water soluble, but the corresponding salts of the other metals are highly water insoluble
nonmetallic
hydrides (RH2)
Sulfides, selenides, tellurides
GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY/SULFUR FAMILY
CHALCOGENS: O, S, Se, Te, Po
- Reacts with oxygen to form oxides
- Have a tendency to unite with oxygen and in such form replace the H of acids to form salts
- Low oxidation state oxides are very _____ while the higher ones are _____ (________, _______, ________)
basic
acidic
chromates, molybdates, tungstates
GROUP VIB
Cr, Mo, W, Uranium
- Most ___________ elements
- Reduce and promote oxidation of some other substances
- ___, ___ – oxidizing agents
- ___, ___ – reducing agents
- Physical state changes as atomic number _________
- React with hydrogen at a decreasing rate to form hydrides (gases)
electronegative
F, Cl
Br, I
increases
GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS
VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At
- Oxides react with water to
form ____ - 4 types of ________
- _____ - _____ (hypochlorous)
- _____ - _____ (chlorous acid)
- _____ - _____ (chloric acid)
- _____ - _____ (perchloric acid)
acis
oxyacids
- HOX – HOCl (hypochlorous)
- HOXO – HOClO (chlorous acid)
- HOXO2 – HOClO2 (chloric acid)
- HOXO3 – HOClO3 (perchloric acid)
GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS
VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At
- Halides salts are soluble except halides of Ag, Hg, and Pb
Physical state and color
___ – pale, yellow gas
___ – greenish, yellow gas
___ – reddish brown liquid
___ – black solid/ violet gas
F – pale, yellow gas
Cl – greenish, yellow gas
Br – reddish brown liquid
I – black solid/ violet gas
GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS
VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At
