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(SLU) PHARMA 113: Chem Lec > ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES (PART 1) > Flashcards

ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES (PART 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

GROUP IVA: CARBON GROUP

A

C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

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2
Q
  • Has 2 forms:
    1. ___________
  • _______ (tetrahedral)
    o Purest native form of uncombined carbon; formed under pressure
  • _______ (planar)
  1. __________
    - _________ (soft coal)
    - _________ (hard coal)
    - ______ (impure carbon)
  • Present in all animal and plant tissues
  • Activated charcoal
  • component of the universal antidote (MgO & tannic acid)
  • Used in the treatment of diarrhea (adsorptive properties)
A
  1. Crystalline
    - Diamond
    - graphite
  2. Amorphous
    - Bituminous
    - Anthracite
    - Coke

CARBON (C)

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3
Q

✓Use: Treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, eczema (general inflammatory skin condition)

✓Most potent respiratory
stimulant

✓Treatment of persistent
hiccups

A

CO2

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4
Q

✓210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death

✓Incomplete combustion of gas

✓Treatment:
1. 100% O2
2. Artificial air (He 80%, O2 20%)
3. Hyperbaric O2

A

CO

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5
Q

✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Pharmaceutical for effervescent tablet

A

CO3

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6
Q
  • Second most abundant element on earth

TOXICITY:
* _______ - Lung condition resembling chronic tuberculosis

  • Acquired after >7 years Silicon
    exposure

ANTIDOTE:
* __________ (inhalation)

A

Silicosis

Aluminum oxide dust

SILICA (Si)

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7
Q

______: Na2CO3 + pure silica

✓Manufacture of glass – fusing silica with a base, usually Na2CO3

Modified by the ff:
✓ ___– improves coefficient of expansion
✓ ___– increases index of refraction
✓ ___– make glass brown w/ light resistant property
✓ ___– masks the blue-green color of Fe, present in silica

A

GLASS

B
Pb
K
MnO2

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8
Q

_________:
✓Adsorbent

_________:
✓Suspending agent

_________:
✓Clarifying agent, dusting agent

_________:
✓Aka: Polymagma®, Quintess®
✓Use: Adsorbent in diarrhea

A

Kaolin

Bentonite

Talc (Magnesium Silicate)

Attapulgite / (Mg5(Si8O20) (OH)2 . 8H2O)

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9
Q
  • Most metallic among the group
  • Previously employed as astringent
  • Accumulates in the system = readily absorbed by the GIT and broken skin; deposited in bones

TOXICITY:
* Plumbism

ANTIDOTE:
* EDTA
* BAL
* Ca Versenate

A

Lead (Pb)

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10
Q

Aka: stannum
Use: Preparation of tin cans

Important Compounds:
1. _____
✓Anticariogenic 8% solution (1 application)
✓Disadvantage: rapidly oxidized so should be
freshly prepared

  1. _____
    ✓Use: Germicide for Staph infection
A
  1. SnF2
  2. SnO2 / Stannic oxide

TIN (Sn)

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11
Q

GROUP IVB: TITANIUM SUBGROUP

A

Ti, Zr, HF

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12
Q
  • “Titan” , son of the earth
  • Very powerful ______ agent
  • Use: blocking agent (//transparent capsule → opaque)

Titanium oxide
- Solar ray protective
- Used in contact lenses

A

reducing

TITANIUM (Ti)

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13
Q
  • Use is similar to aluminum (but already banned)
  • Deodorant and antiperspirant properties
A

Zirconium (Zr)

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14
Q

GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY

A

N, P, As, Sb, Bi

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15
Q
  • _________ (without life), Phlogisticated air, Mephitic air
  • Colorless, tasteless, odorless, inert gas
  • Provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals
A

Azote

NITROGEN (N)

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16
Q
  • “light carrier”, “St. Elmo’s fire”
  • (+) essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissues & bones

Phosphates:
* Of physiologic & medicinal importance; antacid, cathartic

A

Phosphorus (P)

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17
Q

3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

  • Waxy solid (organic solvents soluble)
  • light: darkens
  • Air (in the dark): emits greenish light and gives off
    white fumes with garlic odor
  • Toxic: rat poison
A

White/ Yellow impure P

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18
Q

3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

  • Intermediate property of black and white P (organic solvents insoluble)
  • Less chemical active compared to white P
  • Non-toxic (used in safety matches, pyrotechnics)
A

Red/Violet P

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19
Q

3 main allotropic forms of Phosphate:

  • Resembles graphite in texture
  • Produced from white P under high pressures
  • Air-stable; does not catch fire spontaneously
A

Black P

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20
Q
  • Lewisite metal
  • Agent of choice for professional killers
  • Protoplasmic poison (poisonous to all tissues)

Antidote:
* freshly prepared mixture of Iron (III) and administered PO

  • Still in GIT: Dimercaprol IM if already absorbed
A

Arsenic (As)

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21
Q
  • First anti-syphilis
  • Discovered by Paul Ehrlich (Father of Chemotherapy)
A

Arsphenamine, Salvarsan,
Compound 606, Magic
bullet

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22
Q
  • Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant for fireworks
A

Paris Green

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23
Q

Cupric hydrogen arsenite

A

Scheele’s green

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24
Q

Former antileukemic

A

!% Potassium arsenite solution (KAsO2; Fowler’s solution)

25
Q

For trypanosome infection, malaria, TB, RA, diabetes
(before)

A

Arsenic (III) iodide solution (Donovan’s solution)

26
Q
  • Stibium
  • Most important source:
  • _________ – red-orange
  • Use: astringent, antiperspirant
  • Anthelmintic – kills and expels intestinal worms
    (vs. ________ → only expels worms)
  • Emetic, expectorant
A

Antimony glance
Vermifuge

ANTIMONY (Sb +2, +4)

27
Q
  • Beautiful meadow
  • Soluble salts are toxic, antidote: BAL

Pcol Use:
- Astringent
- Antiseptic
- Internal protectant (antacid + inhibit ___________ → caused gastric ulcer)

A

Helicobacter pylori

BISMUTH (Bi)

28
Q
  • Helidac® MTB
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl ®)
  • DOC: PTAG
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
  • Trichiasis
  • Amoebiasis
  • Giardiasis
  • Tetracycline
  • DOC: CRIM
  • Chlamydia
  • Rickettsia
  • Mycoplasma
  • Bi subsalicylate
  • Prevpac ®LAC
  • Lansoprazole
  • Amoxicillin
  • Clarithromycin
A

Bismuth (Bi)

29
Q

GROUP VB: VANADIUM SUBGROUP

A

V, Nb, Ta

30
Q

GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY/SULFUR FAMILY

A

CHALCOGENS: O, S, Se, Te, Po

31
Q
  • Dephlogisticated air, empyreal air
  • Most abundant and most essential element

3 allotropes
1. ________ (O)
2. ________ (O2)
3. ________ (O3) – powerful oxidizing agent → bleach, disinfectant

  • Required in conditions with _________ (anoxia, anemia, histotoxic conditions)
  • Reacts will all elements except _________
  • Ozonized air
A

Nascent
Atmospheric/Molecular
Ozone

hypoxia

Au, Ag, Cu

OXYGEN (O)

32
Q
  • Brimstone, ________ (enemy of Cu), Asupre

2 forms
* Precipitated – smaller particles being more reactive
* Sublimed form

Uses:
* Scabicide and keratolytic ointments/lotions
* Saline cathartic
* Fumigant
* Depilatory (as thioglycolate)
* Antiseborrheic
* Antidote to cyanide poisoning (sodium thiosulfate)

A

Shulbari

SULFUR (S)

33
Q
  • Boiling sulfur with lime and precipitated filtered solution with HCl
  • Very fine pale-yellow powder, odorless, tasteless
  • CS2 solubility: readily dissolves
  • __________ (10% sulfur)
    Precipitated sulfur + mineral oil + white ointment
A

Sulfur ointment

Precipitated S (milk of sulfur, lack sulfur)

34
Q
  • Fine yellow powder with faint odor and taste
  • CS2 solubility: slowly and usu. Incompletely soluble
  • __________ (Vleminck’s solution)
    Sublimed sulfur + lime (boiled)
A

Sulfurated lime

Sublimed S (flowers of sulfur)

35
Q
  • Treating sublimed S with NH3

(to dissolve impurities, particularly As and to remove traces of acid)

  • Characteristics similar to sublimed S
  • White lotion (USP)
  • Sulfurated potash + ZnSO4 → ZnS (active)
  • Topical and antifungal: astringent, protective, mild antimicrobial and antifungal (tx of skin parasitic diseases, psoriasis, scabicide)
A

Washed S

36
Q
  • Selena (moon)
  • Important trace element
  • Synergistic with Vitamin E
  • Major use: antioxidant
  • Industrial use: RUBBER
A

Selenium (Se)

37
Q
  • First radioactive element discovered by Curie
A

Polonium (Po)

38
Q

GROUP VIB

A

Cr, Mo, W, Uranium

39
Q
  • Essential trace element (Cr3+)
  • Found in sugar and butter
  • Deficiency
  • DM like symptoms
  • Glucose tolerance factor
    — Polydipsia
    — Polyuria
    — polyphagia
A

Chromium (Cr)

40
Q
  • Discoverer: __________
  • Radioactive element → atomic
    reactors/bombs
A

Becquerel

URANIUM (U)

41
Q
  • Trace element
  • Cofactor for Flavin dependent enzymes
  • Xanthine oxidase
  • For bacterial fixation of atmospheric N2
A

Molybdenum

42
Q

GROUP VIIA: HALOGENS

A

VALENCE: -1, +5, +7
F, Cl, Br, I, At

43
Q
  • Most electronegative element
  • Super halogen (___________)
  • Strongest _______ agent
  • Suppressive effect on thyroid (particularly when I2 is deficient)

Anticarcinogenic (Also: rodenticide, insecticide)

______________ = 2%, 4 applications
______________ = 8%, 1 application

A

Linus Pauling

oxidizing

Sodium fluoride (NaF)
Stannous fluoride (SnF2)

FLUORINE (F)

44
Q
  • Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor
  • Powerful caustic and germicide; sedative depressant (all allotropes!)

TOXICITY:
- Brominism
- Skin eruptions, psychosis, weakness

ANTIDOTE:
- _______ or _______

A

NaCl or NH4Cl

BROMINE (Br2)

45
Q
  • Most metallic of the group except for Astatine

Use:
* Expectorant
* Anti-microbial properties
* Present in the thyroid gland (hormones)

A

Iodine

46
Q

2% I2 in water + NaI

A

Iodine Solution

47
Q

2% I2 solution + 50% alcohol + NaI

A

Iodine tincture

48
Q

5% I2 in water + KI

A

Strong Iodine (Lugol’s solution)

49
Q

Antibacterial, irritant

A

Phenolated iodine/Boulton’s solution

50
Q

I2 complexed with organic complexing agent as solubilizer

Povidone Iodine (Betadine®)
Advantages
- Slow release of I2, stability, reduced irritation, oral toxicity

Disadvantages
- staining, idiosyncratic reaction

A

Iodophors

51
Q

GROUP VIIB: MANGANESE SUBGROUP

A

Mn, Tc, Re, Bh

52
Q
  • Most important (MnO4)

Trace element:
* Cofactor in phosphorylation and protein, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (biomolecule)

A

Manganese (Mn)

53
Q
  • Technetos (artificial)
  • Eka manganese
  • 1st element produced
    artificially (from decay Mo99)

Use:
* radiopharmaceuticals

A

Technetium (Tc)

54
Q

GROUP VIIIA: INERT/NOBLE/STABLE GAS

A

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

55
Q
  • 2nd lightest gas
  • Used in balloons
  • Donald duck sound when swallowed
  • Artificial air:
  • 80% He + 20% O2
A

Helium

56
Q
  • Used in advertising
A

Neon

57
Q
  • Most abundant __________
  • Used as a substitute for Nitrogen gas as an inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals
A

noble gas

ARGON

58
Q
  • Least abundant noble gas
A

Krypton

(SLU) PHARMA 113: Chem Lec (10 decks)

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