- study of hydrocarbon (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and their derivatives
- chemistry of the compounds of carbon
o Remarkable feature: involve the chemistry of carbon and only a few other elements – chiefly, H, O, N
o Many also contain sulfur, a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and phosphorus
o Exemptions: ________, _______, ________, ________ are classified as inorganic rather than organic compounds
o __________ involve carbon atoms that are not bonded to hydrogen atoms (CO, CO2, Na2CO3, and so on)
- oxides of carbon, carbonates, cyanides, and metallic carbides
- Inorganic carbon compounds
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- During the latter part of the 18th century and the early part of the nineteenth century, chemists began to categorize compounds into two types: ________ & _________
- Compounds obtained from living organisms were called _________, and compounds obtained from mineral constituents of the earth/inanimate materials were called _________
- These chemists believed that nature possessed a certain vital force and that only living things could produce organic
compounds.
- organic and inorganic
- organic compounds
- inorganic compounds
- This concept was proven incorrect in ____ by the German chemist ___________. He heated an aqueous solution of two inorganic compounds, ________ & ________, and obtained ______ (a compound of urine).
NH4Cl + AgNCO3 –> (NH2)2CO + AgCl urea - he also prepared urea from ________ & ________
Pb (OCN)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O –> 2(NH2)2CO + Pb (OH)2
urea - A few years later, ___________ put forth a new definition – organic compounds are those containing carbon – and his definition has been accepted ever since.
- 1828; Friedrich WÖhler
- ammonium chloride and silver cyanate
- urea
- lead cyanate and aqueous ammonia
- August Kekule
___________ is the study of the compounds of one element (carbon), and ___________ is the study of the compounds of the other 116 elements.
There are approximately 7 million organic compounds and only an estimated 1.5 million inorganic compounds, approximately ____ ratio between organic and inorganic compounds.
- Chemists have discovered or synthesized more than 10 million of them, and an estimated 10,000 new ones are reported each year
- By comparison, chemists have discovered or synthesized an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds – approximately ____ of all known compounds are organic compounds
- Present daily like cleaning accessories as soaps, shampoos, or perfumes
- organic chemistry
- inorganic chemistry
- 5:1
- 85%
- ________, ________, ________,________,________,________,________, and almost all other important chemicals in living systems are organic compounds
- These biomolecules give and store energy, that are included in structural formation, that transport other molecules, or that regulate growth in living organisms
Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
enzymes
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
hormones
vitamins
- Development of new drugs and applications in medicinal chemistry
o Apply their chemistry training to the process of synthesizing new pharmaceuticals
o Uses sophisticated analytical techniques to synthesize and test new drug products and to develop the most cost-effective and eco-friendly means of production
o Alter the structure of compounds for optimum effect and minimum side effects
- The study of materials, e.g. hypoallergenic materials used in prosthesis
- Production of food
Industrial Applications
* Developing new materials
* Production of petroleum, and the industry of polymers
* Solvents like degreasers or dry-cleaning products, chemical gums for wood like latex or white glue, plastics like toys or plastic coatings
New Tendencies in Technology and Applied Sciences
* Development of alternative energy sources as _______ that can be produced from plants or organic waste
- ___________ that convert light in electrical signals to capture images in cameras
- biofuels
- Organic photo-sensors
SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Isolation from Nature
- Synthesis in the Laboratory
ISOLATION FROM NATURE
- Terrestrial, marine, and freshwater plant (flora) and animal (fauna) – even microorganisms such as bacteria – make thousands of organic compounds by a process called _________
- Process: extract —> isolate —> purify them from biological sources
6 Pharmaceutical Products:
3 Industrial products:
- biosynthesis
Pharmaceutical Products:
1. Vitamin E
2. Penicillin
3. Table sugar
4. Insulin
5. Quinine
6. Anticancer drug Paclitaxel
Industrial products:
1. Natural Gas
2. Petroleum
3. Coal
- _________: more sophisticated methods
- Compounds made in the laboratory are identical in both chemical and physical properties to those found in nature - assuming, of course, that each is 100% pure
- Examples: ______ & _______
- Also used to design and synthesize compounds not found in nature
- More than 10 million known organic compounds are purely synthetic and do not exist in living organisms
- Examples: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, _______ (Valium®), _______ (Ventolin®), _______ (Prozac®), _______ (Zantac®), _______ (Zoloft®), _______ (Lasix®), ______ (Viagra®), and ______ (Enovid®)
- Synthesis in the Laboratory
- Vitamin C and Ethanol
- Diazepam
- Albuterol
- Fluoxetine
- Ranitidine
- Sertraline
- Furosemide
- Sildenafil
- Norethynodrel
CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- ______ can form more compounds than any other element because carbon atoms are able not only to form single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds, but also to link up with each other in chains and ring structures
- Classes of organic compounds can be distinguished according to functional groups they contain
- _______: group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule
- Different molecules containing the same kind of functional group or groups undergo similar reactions
- Carbon
- functional group
-
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives
organic compounds
Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and one or more other elements
hydrocarbon derivatives
Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons in which all carbon-to-carbon bonds are single bonds
saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Bonding is almost entirely _______
- Many are gases, liquids, or solids with ____ melting points (less than ____C)
- Most are _______ with ____ melting points.
- Most are ______ in organic solvents such a _______, _______, ________.
- Aqueous solutions do NOT conduct electricity.
- Almost all burn and decompose
- Reactions are usually _____
- covalent
- low; 360°
- solids; high
- soluble
- diethyl ether
- toluene
- dichloromethane - slow
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Most have ______ bonds
- Most are solids with ____ melting points
- Many are ______ in _____
- Almost all are ______ in organic solvents
- Aqueous solutions form ions that CONDUCT electricity
- Very FEW burn
- Reactions are often _______
- ionic
- high
- soluble; water
- insoluble
- very fast
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- effective in the fight against ovarian and breast cancer
- scientific name
- The structure of the cancer-fighting component of yew bark was determined in _____, and the compound was named ________ ()
- bark of Pacific Yew
- Taxus brevifolia
- 1962; Paclitaxel (Taxol)
the bark of a single 100-year-old yew tree yields only about ____________
- In ______, chemists succeeded in synthesizing Taxol in the laboratory, but the cost of the synthetic drug was far too high to be economical
- alternative natural source of the drug
- Taxol inhibits cell division by acting on __________, a key component of the scaffolding of cells
- 1 g of Taxol
- 1994
- Taxus baccata
- microtubules
-
Introduction to Chemistry99
-
Unit 2: Atoms and Molecules23
-
Unit 323
-
Group and Elements ONLY25
-
Group and Elements COMMON PROPERTIES17
-
ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES84
-
ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES (PART 1)58
-
ELEMENTS (Titanium and so on)58
-
UNIT 551
-
Group IVB - Group VIIIB14
-
FINALS: CHAPTER 2 & 326
-
FUNCTIONAL GROUP58
-
Alkenes and Alkynes16
-
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS31
-
OXYGEN-CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUP25
-
CARBONYL AND AMINES43
-
CHAPTER 120
