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(SLU) PHARMA 113: Chem Lec > ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES > Flashcards

ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Inflammable air
  • Lightest element (1g/mol)
  • Usually in combination with other elements
  • Prep: ______ & _______ Process (99% pure H2O)

Industrial uses
* ________ → production of ammonia

  • ________ → production of margarine
A

Lane & Messerschmidt

Haber process
Oil hydrogenation

HYDROGEN (H2)

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2
Q
  • ______ (earth, rock)
  • Lightest metal

Use:
* Mood stabilizer (sedative); DOC for Mania (S/E: narrow TI)

  • Diuretic (S/E: hypovolemia, hyponatremia)
  • Li2CO3 capsules – ________
  • Li2CO3 tablets – ________
  • DOC for ________ (di binigay)
  • Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – __________
A

Lithos - earth, rock

  • Li2CO3 capsules – Eskalith®
  • Li2CO3 tablets – Lithase®
  • DOC for ________
  • Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – Quilonium®

LITHIUM (Li)

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3
Q
  • Natrium (native)
  • Cation of choice for organic material
  • Most abundant _____
  • Most abundant of the group IA metals
A

cation

SODIUM (Na)

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4
Q

6 Important Compounds of Sodium

A

Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium hydroxide

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5
Q

✓Diuretic
✓Urinary and systemic alkalizer
✓Antacid

A

sodium acetate

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6
Q

✓Aka: baking soda
✓Systemic antacid
✓Carbonating agent

S/E:
✓Systemic alkalosis
✓Rebound hyperacidity
✓Edema

A

sodium bicarbonate

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7
Q
  1. Antacid
  2. Source of carbonate ion
  3. Carbonating agent
A

sodium carbonate

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8
Q

✓Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt

Use:
1. Electrolyte Replenisher: (NSS, Ringer’s soln)
2. Tonicity adjusting agent
3. Condiments
4. Preservative

A

sodium chloride

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9
Q

Use:
1. Alkalizer
2. Buffer
3. Diuretic
4. Expectorant
5. Shorten the coagulation time

A

Sodium citrate
(Na3C6H5O7)

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10
Q

✓Aka:
1. Caustic soda
2. Sosa
3. Lye
✓Use: Saponifying agent (_____ soap)

A

hard soap

Sodium hydroxide

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11
Q

Aka: fleet enema

Uses:
1. cathartic
2. Source of P or phosphate

A

Na Dihydrogen phosphate / Monobasic hydrogen phosphate/ NaH2PO4

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12
Q
  • Water soluble antioxidant
  • Reducing agent
A

Sodium metabisulfite

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13
Q

Use: Anticariogenic (2% solution)

A

Sodium fluoride

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14
Q

Use: Reducing agent

A

Sodium phosphite

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15
Q

Aka: Dakin’s solution, chlorox

Use:
- Oxidizing agent
- Disinfectant
- Bleaching agent

A

Sodium hypochlorite

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16
Q

Use:
- Expectorant
- Antifungal
- Iodine solubilizer

A

Sodium iodide

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17
Q

Use:
- Antacid
- Diuretic

A

Sodium lactate

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18
Q

Use:
- Vasodilator
- Meat preservation
- Treatment in cyanide poisoning

A

Sodium nitrite

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19
Q

Aka: chile salt peter

Use: Meat preservative

A

Sodium nitrate

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20
Q

Aka: Glauber’s salt

Use: Cathartic

A

Sodium sulfate

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21
Q

Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination

A

Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6 . 2H20)

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22
Q

Use: hypotensive agent

A

Sodium thiocyanate

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23
Q

Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypo

Use:
- Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrite

  • VS in iodometry and permanganometry
A

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

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24
Q
  • Kalium (Potash)
  • Predominant _______
  • Pcol action:
  • Diuretic
  • Important in muscle contraction

Deficiency:
* Hypokalemia

A

IC action

POTASSIUM (K)

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25
Q

7 Important Compounds of Potassium

A
  1. Potassium acetate
  2. Potassium bicarbonate
  3. Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
  4. Potassium citrate
  5. Potassium hydroxide
  6. Potassium nitrate
  7. Potassium permanganate
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26
Q
  1. Antacid
  2. Diuretic
  3. Urinary and systemic alkalizer
A

Potassium acetate

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27
Q
  1. Systemic antacid
  2. Carbonating agent
  3. Source of bicarbonate ion
A

Potassium bicarbonate

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28
Q

✓Aka: cream of tartar, creamor
✓Use: Laxative

A

Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)

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29
Q
  1. Diuretic
  2. Expectorant
  3. Diaphoretic
A

Potassium citrate

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30
Q

✓Aka: caustic potash,
lye potash
✓Use: Saponifying agent (____ soap)

A

SOFT SOAP

Potassium hydroxide

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31
Q

✓Aka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle

✓Use:
1. Diuretic
2. Meat preservative

A

Potassium nitrate

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32
Q

✓Aka: ______________
✓Use:
1. Oxidizing agent
2. Antiseptic
3. VS in permanganometry

A

mineral chameleon

Potassium permanganate

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33
Q

Use: cathartic

A

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

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34
Q
  • rochelle salt
  • sal signette

Use:
- cathartic
- sequestering agent

A

Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6)

35
Q

Use: hypotensive agent

A

Potassium thiocyanate

36
Q
  • Aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
  • Mixture of K sulfide and K thiosulfate
A

K2Sx.K2S2O3

potassium thiosulfate

37
Q

Aka: potash, pearl ash

Use:
- Antacid
- Carbonating agent
- Carbonate source

A

Potassium carbonate

38
Q

Use: Oxidizing agent

Component in: toothpaste, gargle
and mouthwash

A

Potassium chlorate

39
Q

Use: Electrolyte replenisher

Note: SLOW push

A

Potassium chloride

40
Q
  • Catalyst in the polymerization of resin-forming materials (polymerization-different forms of a substance)
A

CESIUM (Cs)

41
Q
  • Weak base
  • Hypothetical/pseudoalkali metal
  • Pharmacological use: diuretic, expectorant, buffer component
  • Prepared by __________
  • Ammonia, NH3 = _________
  • ___________ solution; __________ = neutralize insect/jellyfish stings
A

haber process

respiratory stimulant (pungent odor)

Dilute ammonia solution; ammonia water

AMMONIUM (NH4+)

42
Q

GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS

A

Cu, Au, Ag

43
Q
  • __________
  • Only reddish-colored metal
  • Only metal used in water purification

ALLOYS:
* ______ (Tin and Copper)
* ______ (Copper and Zinc)
* Salts generally blue in color

  • (+) __________ (respiratory pigment)
  • ____________ (FeCu, involved in biotransformation of drugs)
  • Protein precipitant (heavy metal)
  • Enhances physiologic utilization of ___
A

Cuprum

  • Bronze (Tin and Copper)
  • Brass (Copper and Zinc)

Hemocyanin

Cytochrome oxidase

Fe

COPPER (Cu)

44
Q
  • Toxicity:
  • ___________ disease
  • Increase copper levels in the brain, liver, kidneys, and cornea

Signs and symptoms
* Bronze-like skin
* Hepatic cirrhosis
* Jaundice
* Bloating
* Brain damage
* Demyelination
* Kidney effects

A

Wilson disease

COPPER (Cu)

45
Q

Important compound of copper:

✓Aka: __________

✓Use: Component of benedict’s ring, barfoed’s ring, fehling’s ingredient

✓Antidote for P poisoning

✓+ iron: increase hematinic activity (enhance utilization of iron)

✓Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture (______ + ______)

✓an algicide/fungicide in swimming pools

A

blue vitriol, blue stone

Bordeaux mixture: CuSO4 + CaO

CuSO4.5H2O (COPPER II SULFATE)

46
Q
  • _________ – “shining bright”
  • Salts are highly ionized and slightly ionized or insoluble

*_________→ germicidal action
- ability of certain heavy metals to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentration

  • Protein precipitant (heavy metals)
  • Best ______ of electricity
  • 2nd most _______ metal
  • Toxicity
  • ______: (darkened skinned due to chronic use)
  • Antidote
  • ________: isotonic (not painful when administered)
  • Ag + NaCl → _____ (white precipitate)
A

Argentum

oligodynamic action

conductor
malleable

Argyria

NaCl (NSS)
AgCl

SILVER (Ag)

47
Q

SILVER PROEINATES

Mild silver protein (______)

Strong silver protein (______)

Colloidal silver protein (______)

A

Argyrol
Protargol
Collargol

Antiseptic for the eyes (19 – 23)

ENT germicide (7.5 – 8.5)

General germicide (10 – 22)

48
Q

✓Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencil

✓Use:
1. Treatment of warts
2. Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea “gonorrheal ophthalmitis”

A

AgNO3

49
Q

Aka: Howe’s solution

Ingredient of Tollen’s reagent

Use:
- Dental protective
- Desensitizing agent

A

Ag(NH3)2NO3 / Ammoniacal AgNO3

50
Q
  • Poisonous
  • Disinfectant
  • Germicide
A

AgI

51
Q
  • Aurum, Shining dawn, King of all metals
  • 24 karats (purest)
  • Can be dissolved by:
  • Aqua regia: HCl + HNO3 (3:1)
  • ___________: H2SO4

Gold Preparation
* DMARD (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout)

Toxicity
* _______, ______ - inflammation of the tongue (PO)

Antidote
* BAL (___________)

A

Selenic acid

Dermatitis, Glossitis

British Anti-Lewisite

GOLD (Au)

52
Q
  • ____________
    o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
  • ____________ – IM
    o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
  • ____________ – IM
    o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
  • ____________ - PO
    o Treatment of R.A.
A

DMARD

  • Aurothioglucose (Solganal) – IM
    o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
  • Gold sodium thiomalate (Mypchrisin) – IM
    o Treatment of Gout and R.A.
  • Auranofin (Ridaura) - PO
    o Treatment of R.A.
53
Q

GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS

VALENCE: +2

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

A
54
Q
  • Most toxic metal (never employed in medicine)
  • Used in the fluorescent lighting industry
A

Beryllium (Be)

55
Q
  • Lightest of structurally important
    metals
  • Used in the manufacture of flares
  • 2nd most abundant _________
  • (+) Chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
  • (+) __________ (RMgX - Alkyl Mg Halide; Alcohol synthesis)
  • Mg silicates: _____, ______
  • Mg carbonates: _____, _____
    (Ca + Mg)

Use: MICO
* Natural Ca channel blocker
* Laxative/ Cathartic – Magtatae
* Depressant

A

IC cation

Grignard reagent

talc, asbestos
magnesite, dolomite

MAGNESIUM (Mg)

56
Q

✓Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma

✓Use: Antacid

A

Mg(OH)2
magnesium hydroxide

57
Q

✓Aka: calcined magnesia

✓Use:
1. Laxative
2. Antacid
3. Component of Universal antidote (_________, _________, _________)

A

MgO
magnesium oxide, activated charcoal, tannic acid

58
Q

✓Aka: talc, soapstone,
french chalk, softstone

✓Softest mineral

✓Use:
1. Filtering agent
2. Clarifying agent
3. ___________(in gloves)

A

dusting powder

Hydrated Mg silicate /
3MgO. 4SiO2.H2O

59
Q
  • 2nd most abundant EC cation
  • Cation of ___________
  • Pharmacological use: antacid

Natural sources:
* _________ (MgCO3∙CaCO3)
* _________ (CaF2 - white ppt)
* _________ (selenite or CaSO4)

Pcol properties:
* Blood coagulation factor (Prothrombin→ thrombin)
* Muscle contraction
* Release of Neurotransmitters (Ach, E,NE)

Def: Hypocalcemia
* Defective bone mineralization - Rickettsia/ bowed legs in children; osteomalacia in adults
* Defective bone resorption –
osteoporosis – brittle bone
* Others: Muscle spasm → tetany,
seizure

Toxicity
* ___________ – constipation: ↑Ca levels

Antidote
* _____ – converted into Ca EDTA (chelating agent)

A

hydroxyapatite

Dolomite
Fluorite
Gypsum

Hypercalcemia
EDTA

CALCIUM (Ca)

60
Q

5 compounds of Calcium

A

CaCO3
Ca gluconate
Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO)2
CaO

61
Q

✓Aka: precipitated chalk,
prepared chalk

✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices

A

CaCO3

62
Q

✓Use: Ca supplement and replenisher

✓Advantage: better taste and less irritating

A

Ca gluconate

63
Q

✓Aka: slaked lime, milk of
lime, calcium hydrate

✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Saponifying agent

A

Ca(OH)2

64
Q

✓Aka: chlorinated lime, chloride of
lime

✓Use:
1. Disinfectant
2. Bleaching agent

A

Ca(ClO)2

calcium hypochlorite

65
Q

✓Aka: lime, quicklime, calx

✓Use:
1. Component of Bordeaux mixture
2. Insecticide

A

CaO

66
Q
  • (+) flare manufacture (crimson red)
  • Radioactive Sr: bone scanner
A

Strontium (Sr)

67
Q
  • Discoverer: Marie Curie
  • Radioactive → cancer chemotherapy and for diagnostic purposes
A

Radium (Ra)

68
Q

GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS

Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer”

A
69
Q
  • Cadmia
  • Metal present in insulin (inzulin)
  • Galvanized iron protective coating
  • Battery & dry cell container
  • Deficiency: ___________ (scaly, thickened, & inflamed skin)
  • Antidote: NaHCO3

Pcol:
* Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, protectant
* Mild antiseptic, astringent, topical protective (desitin for diaper rash)

A

Parakeratosis

Zinc (Zn)

70
Q
  • (+) stink bomb manufacture
  • High affinity for ___________ (stress proteins)
  • Toxicity: _______ disease or Ouch-ouch disease
  • Antidote: ______ – immediately given after exposure
  • Management: ____________
A

metallothioproteins
Itai-itai disease
Ca EDTA

Palliative therapy

CADMIUM (CD)

71
Q

Use:
1. Emetic
2. Treatment of Tinea infection

A

CdCl2

72
Q

Aka: yellow sulfide
Use: anti-seborrheic
Brand name: Capsebon®

A

CdS

73
Q

Use: Ophthalmic antiseptic

A

CdSO4
cadmium sulfate

74
Q
  • Hydrargyrum, Quicksilver, Messenger of Gods, Asoge

2 forms:
* Mercurous (Hg2 2+) – less toxic
* Mercuric (Hg2+)
* Only liquid metal

  • (+) Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement)
  • Source: ________ (aethrop’s mineral)

Use:
* Protein precipitant (heavy metal), antiseptic, anti-syphilitic, parasiticide, fungicide, cathartic, diuretic (useful for cardiac edema)

A

Cinnabar

MERCURY (Hg)

75
Q

✓Use: Treatement of syphilis
*DOC for syphilis: Penicillin

A

HgI / Mercurous iodide

76
Q

GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP

A

B, Al, Ga, In, Tl

77
Q
  • Appears only in the +3 oxidation state and is a non-metal very toxic
A

Boron (B)

78
Q
  • Green twigs (poison)
  • Ant poison (insecticide)
A

Thallium (Tl)

79
Q
  • _________, most abundant of all metals, 3rd most abundant element
  • Source: _______ (3NaF ∙ AIF3)

Use:
* Astringent (protein precipitant)
* Antiperspirant / deodorant (also: ___, ___ – banned due to __________ formation → cancer), burns (aluminum foil)

A

Ladd’s paste

Cryolite

Zn, Zr
granuloma formation

ALUMINUM (Al)

80
Q

=double salts

✓Common formula:
M+2 M3+2 (SO4)4.24H2O

✓Prototype: K2Al2
(SO4)4.24H2O
✓Use:
1. Astringent
2. Antiperspirant / deodorant

A

Alums/Tawas

81
Q

✓Aka: amphojel®, cremalin gel®

✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Protectant

✓Disadvantage:
1. Constipation
2. Phosphate deficiency

*Component of Maalox®

A

Al(OH)3

Aluminium hydroxide

82
Q

a. ______
✓Aka: china clay, native hydrated Al silicate, white bole
✓Use: Adsorbent in diarrhea

b. ______
✓Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated Al
silicate
✓Use: Suspending agent (5% solution)

c. ______
✓Volcanic origin
✓Use: Dental abrasive

A

Kaolin

Bentonite

Pumice

ALUMINUM SILICATE

83
Q
  • Melts at near body temperature (30°C)
  • Substitute for Hg in arc lamp manufacture

Toxicity:
* Cancer related ________ by binding with ________ (transport form for Iron)

A

hypercalcemia
transferrin

GALLIUM (Ga)

84
Q

GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM GROUP

A
  • Scandium (Sc)
  • Yttrium (Y)
  • Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57 – 71)
  • Actinides series (Ac – Ir; 89 – 103)

(SLU) PHARMA 113: Chem Lec (17 decks)

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