ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Flashcards
- Inflammable air
- Lightest element (1g/mol)
- Usually in combination with other elements
- Prep: ______ & _______ Process (99% pure H2O)
Industrial uses
* ________ → production of ammonia
- ________ → production of margarine
Lane & Messerschmidt
Haber process
Oil hydrogenation
HYDROGEN (H2)
- ______ (earth, rock)
- Lightest metal
Use:
* Mood stabilizer (sedative); DOC for Mania (S/E: narrow TI)
- Diuretic (S/E: hypovolemia, hyponatremia)
- Li2CO3 capsules – ________
- Li2CO3 tablets – ________
- DOC for ________ (di binigay)
- Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – __________
Lithos - earth, rock
- Li2CO3 capsules – Eskalith®
- Li2CO3 tablets – Lithase®
- DOC for ________
- Li2CO3 extended-release tablet – Quilonium®
LITHIUM (Li)
- Natrium (native)
- Cation of choice for organic material
- Most abundant _____
- Most abundant of the group IA metals
cation
SODIUM (Na)
6 Important Compounds of Sodium
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium citrate
Sodium hydroxide
✓Diuretic
✓Urinary and systemic alkalizer
✓Antacid
sodium acetate
✓Aka: baking soda
✓Systemic antacid
✓Carbonating agent
S/E:
✓Systemic alkalosis
✓Rebound hyperacidity
✓Edema
sodium bicarbonate
- Antacid
- Source of carbonate ion
- Carbonating agent
sodium carbonate
✓Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt
Use:
1. Electrolyte Replenisher: (NSS, Ringer’s soln)
2. Tonicity adjusting agent
3. Condiments
4. Preservative
sodium chloride
Use:
1. Alkalizer
2. Buffer
3. Diuretic
4. Expectorant
5. Shorten the coagulation time
Sodium citrate
(Na3C6H5O7)
✓Aka:
1. Caustic soda
2. Sosa
3. Lye
✓Use: Saponifying agent (_____ soap)
hard soap
Sodium hydroxide
Aka: fleet enema
Uses:
1. cathartic
2. Source of P or phosphate
Na Dihydrogen phosphate / Monobasic hydrogen phosphate/ NaH2PO4
- Water soluble antioxidant
- Reducing agent
Sodium metabisulfite
Use: Anticariogenic (2% solution)
Sodium fluoride
Use: Reducing agent
Sodium phosphite
Aka: Dakin’s solution, chlorox
Use:
- Oxidizing agent
- Disinfectant
- Bleaching agent
Sodium hypochlorite
Use:
- Expectorant
- Antifungal
- Iodine solubilizer
Sodium iodide
Use:
- Antacid
- Diuretic
Sodium lactate
Use:
- Vasodilator
- Meat preservation
- Treatment in cyanide poisoning
Sodium nitrite
Aka: chile salt peter
Use: Meat preservative
Sodium nitrate
Aka: Glauber’s salt
Use: Cathartic
Sodium sulfate
Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination
Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6 . 2H20)
Use: hypotensive agent
Sodium thiocyanate
Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypo
Use:
- Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrite
- VS in iodometry and permanganometry
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
- Kalium (Potash)
- Predominant _______
- Pcol action:
- Diuretic
- Important in muscle contraction
Deficiency:
* Hypokalemia
IC action
POTASSIUM (K)
7 Important Compounds of Potassium
- Potassium acetate
- Potassium bicarbonate
- Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
- Potassium citrate
- Potassium hydroxide
- Potassium nitrate
- Potassium permanganate
- Antacid
- Diuretic
- Urinary and systemic alkalizer
Potassium acetate
- Systemic antacid
- Carbonating agent
- Source of bicarbonate ion
Potassium bicarbonate
✓Aka: cream of tartar, creamor
✓Use: Laxative
Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)
- Diuretic
- Expectorant
- Diaphoretic
Potassium citrate
✓Aka: caustic potash,
lye potash
✓Use: Saponifying agent (____ soap)
SOFT SOAP
Potassium hydroxide
✓Aka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle
✓Use:
1. Diuretic
2. Meat preservative
Potassium nitrate
✓Aka: ______________
✓Use:
1. Oxidizing agent
2. Antiseptic
3. VS in permanganometry
mineral chameleon
Potassium permanganate
Use: cathartic
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
- rochelle salt
- sal signette
Use:
- cathartic
- sequestering agent
Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6)
Use: hypotensive agent
Potassium thiocyanate
- Aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
- Mixture of K sulfide and K thiosulfate
K2Sx.K2S2O3
potassium thiosulfate
Aka: potash, pearl ash
Use:
- Antacid
- Carbonating agent
- Carbonate source
Potassium carbonate
Use: Oxidizing agent
Component in: toothpaste, gargle
and mouthwash
Potassium chlorate
Use: Electrolyte replenisher
Note: SLOW push
Potassium chloride
- Catalyst in the polymerization of resin-forming materials (polymerization-different forms of a substance)
CESIUM (Cs)
- Weak base
- Hypothetical/pseudoalkali metal
- Pharmacological use: diuretic, expectorant, buffer component
- Prepared by __________
- Ammonia, NH3 = _________
- ___________ solution; __________ = neutralize insect/jellyfish stings
haber process
respiratory stimulant (pungent odor)
Dilute ammonia solution; ammonia water
AMMONIUM (NH4+)
GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS
Cu, Au, Ag
- __________
- Only reddish-colored metal
- Only metal used in water purification
ALLOYS:
* ______ (Tin and Copper)
* ______ (Copper and Zinc)
* Salts generally blue in color
- (+) __________ (respiratory pigment)
- ____________ (FeCu, involved in biotransformation of drugs)
- Protein precipitant (heavy metal)
- Enhances physiologic utilization of ___
Cuprum
- Bronze (Tin and Copper)
- Brass (Copper and Zinc)
Hemocyanin
Cytochrome oxidase
Fe
COPPER (Cu)
- Toxicity:
- ___________ disease
- Increase copper levels in the brain, liver, kidneys, and cornea
Signs and symptoms
* Bronze-like skin
* Hepatic cirrhosis
* Jaundice
* Bloating
* Brain damage
* Demyelination
* Kidney effects
Wilson disease
COPPER (Cu)
Important compound of copper:
✓Aka: __________
✓Use: Component of benedict’s ring, barfoed’s ring, fehling’s ingredient
✓Antidote for P poisoning
✓+ iron: increase hematinic activity (enhance utilization of iron)
✓Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture (______ + ______)
✓an algicide/fungicide in swimming pools
blue vitriol, blue stone
Bordeaux mixture: CuSO4 + CaO
CuSO4.5H2O (COPPER II SULFATE)
- _________ – “shining bright”
- Salts are highly ionized and slightly ionized or insoluble
*_________→ germicidal action
- ability of certain heavy metals to inhibit microorganism growth in small concentration
- Protein precipitant (heavy metals)
- Best ______ of electricity
- 2nd most _______ metal
- Toxicity
- ______: (darkened skinned due to chronic use)
- Antidote
- ________: isotonic (not painful when administered)
- Ag + NaCl → _____ (white precipitate)
Argentum
oligodynamic action
conductor
malleable
Argyria
NaCl (NSS)
AgCl
SILVER (Ag)
SILVER PROEINATES
Mild silver protein (______)
Strong silver protein (______)
Colloidal silver protein (______)
Argyrol
Protargol
Collargol
Antiseptic for the eyes (19 – 23)
ENT germicide (7.5 – 8.5)
General germicide (10 – 22)
✓Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, indelible ink, caustic pencil
✓Use:
1. Treatment of warts
2. Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea “gonorrheal ophthalmitis”
AgNO3
Aka: Howe’s solution
Ingredient of Tollen’s reagent
Use:
- Dental protective
- Desensitizing agent
Ag(NH3)2NO3 / Ammoniacal AgNO3
- Poisonous
- Disinfectant
- Germicide
AgI
- Aurum, Shining dawn, King of all metals
- 24 karats (purest)
- Can be dissolved by:
- Aqua regia: HCl + HNO3 (3:1)
- ___________: H2SO4
Gold Preparation
* DMARD (Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout)
Toxicity
* _______, ______ - inflammation of the tongue (PO)
Antidote
* BAL (___________)
Selenic acid
Dermatitis, Glossitis
British Anti-Lewisite
GOLD (Au)
- ____________
o Treatment of Gout and R.A. - ____________ – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A. - ____________ – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A. - ____________ - PO
o Treatment of R.A.
DMARD
- Aurothioglucose (Solganal) – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A. - Gold sodium thiomalate (Mypchrisin) – IM
o Treatment of Gout and R.A. - Auranofin (Ridaura) - PO
o Treatment of R.A.
GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
VALENCE: +2
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
- Most toxic metal (never employed in medicine)
- Used in the fluorescent lighting industry
Beryllium (Be)
- Lightest of structurally important
metals - Used in the manufacture of flares
- 2nd most abundant _________
- (+) Chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
- (+) __________ (RMgX - Alkyl Mg Halide; Alcohol synthesis)
- Mg silicates: _____, ______
- Mg carbonates: _____, _____
(Ca + Mg)
Use: MICO
* Natural Ca channel blocker
* Laxative/ Cathartic – Magtatae
* Depressant
IC cation
Grignard reagent
talc, asbestos
magnesite, dolomite
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
✓Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
✓Use: Antacid
Mg(OH)2
magnesium hydroxide
✓Aka: calcined magnesia
✓Use:
1. Laxative
2. Antacid
3. Component of Universal antidote (_________, _________, _________)
MgO
magnesium oxide, activated charcoal, tannic acid
✓Aka: talc, soapstone,
french chalk, softstone
✓Softest mineral
✓Use:
1. Filtering agent
2. Clarifying agent
3. ___________(in gloves)
dusting powder
Hydrated Mg silicate /
3MgO. 4SiO2.H2O
- 2nd most abundant EC cation
- Cation of ___________
- Pharmacological use: antacid
Natural sources:
* _________ (MgCO3∙CaCO3)
* _________ (CaF2 - white ppt)
* _________ (selenite or CaSO4)
Pcol properties:
* Blood coagulation factor (Prothrombin→ thrombin)
* Muscle contraction
* Release of Neurotransmitters (Ach, E,NE)
Def: Hypocalcemia
* Defective bone mineralization - Rickettsia/ bowed legs in children; osteomalacia in adults
* Defective bone resorption –
osteoporosis – brittle bone
* Others: Muscle spasm → tetany,
seizure
Toxicity
* ___________ – constipation: ↑Ca levels
Antidote
* _____ – converted into Ca EDTA (chelating agent)
hydroxyapatite
Dolomite
Fluorite
Gypsum
Hypercalcemia
EDTA
CALCIUM (Ca)
5 compounds of Calcium
CaCO3
Ca gluconate
Ca(OH)2
Ca(ClO)2
CaO
✓Aka: precipitated chalk,
prepared chalk
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices
CaCO3
✓Use: Ca supplement and replenisher
✓Advantage: better taste and less irritating
Ca gluconate
✓Aka: slaked lime, milk of
lime, calcium hydrate
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Saponifying agent
Ca(OH)2
✓Aka: chlorinated lime, chloride of
lime
✓Use:
1. Disinfectant
2. Bleaching agent
Ca(ClO)2
calcium hypochlorite
✓Aka: lime, quicklime, calx
✓Use:
1. Component of Bordeaux mixture
2. Insecticide
CaO
- (+) flare manufacture (crimson red)
- Radioactive Sr: bone scanner
Strontium (Sr)
- Discoverer: Marie Curie
- Radioactive → cancer chemotherapy and for diagnostic purposes
Radium (Ra)
GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS
Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer”
- Cadmia
- Metal present in insulin (inzulin)
- Galvanized iron protective coating
- Battery & dry cell container
- Deficiency: ___________ (scaly, thickened, & inflamed skin)
- Antidote: NaHCO3
Pcol:
* Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, protectant
* Mild antiseptic, astringent, topical protective (desitin for diaper rash)
Parakeratosis
Zinc (Zn)
- (+) stink bomb manufacture
- High affinity for ___________ (stress proteins)
- Toxicity: _______ disease or Ouch-ouch disease
- Antidote: ______ – immediately given after exposure
- Management: ____________
metallothioproteins
Itai-itai disease
Ca EDTA
Palliative therapy
CADMIUM (CD)
Use:
1. Emetic
2. Treatment of Tinea infection
CdCl2
Aka: yellow sulfide
Use: anti-seborrheic
Brand name: Capsebon®
CdS
Use: Ophthalmic antiseptic
CdSO4
cadmium sulfate
- Hydrargyrum, Quicksilver, Messenger of Gods, Asoge
2 forms:
* Mercurous (Hg2 2+) – less toxic
* Mercuric (Hg2+)
* Only liquid metal
- (+) Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement)
- Source: ________ (aethrop’s mineral)
Use:
* Protein precipitant (heavy metal), antiseptic, anti-syphilitic, parasiticide, fungicide, cathartic, diuretic (useful for cardiac edema)
Cinnabar
MERCURY (Hg)
✓Use: Treatement of syphilis
*DOC for syphilis: Penicillin
HgI / Mercurous iodide
GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
- Appears only in the +3 oxidation state and is a non-metal very toxic
Boron (B)
- Green twigs (poison)
- Ant poison (insecticide)
Thallium (Tl)
- _________, most abundant of all metals, 3rd most abundant element
- Source: _______ (3NaF ∙ AIF3)
Use:
* Astringent (protein precipitant)
* Antiperspirant / deodorant (also: ___, ___ – banned due to __________ formation → cancer), burns (aluminum foil)
Ladd’s paste
Cryolite
Zn, Zr
granuloma formation
ALUMINUM (Al)
=double salts
✓Common formula:
M+2 M3+2 (SO4)4.24H2O
✓Prototype: K2Al2
(SO4)4.24H2O
✓Use:
1. Astringent
2. Antiperspirant / deodorant
Alums/Tawas
✓Aka: amphojel®, cremalin gel®
✓Use:
1. Antacid
2. Protectant
✓Disadvantage:
1. Constipation
2. Phosphate deficiency
*Component of Maalox®
Al(OH)3
Aluminium hydroxide
a. ______
✓Aka: china clay, native hydrated Al silicate, white bole
✓Use: Adsorbent in diarrhea
b. ______
✓Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated Al
silicate
✓Use: Suspending agent (5% solution)
c. ______
✓Volcanic origin
✓Use: Dental abrasive
Kaolin
Bentonite
Pumice
ALUMINUM SILICATE
- Melts at near body temperature (30°C)
- Substitute for Hg in arc lamp manufacture
Toxicity:
* Cancer related ________ by binding with ________ (transport form for Iron)
hypercalcemia
transferrin
GALLIUM (Ga)
GROUP IIIB: SCANDIUM GROUP
- Scandium (Sc)
- Yttrium (Y)
- Lanthanide series (La-Lu; 57 – 71)
- Actinides series (Ac – Ir; 89 – 103)
