Ground subsidence and karst subsidence Flashcards
Lowering of the land surface due to sinkhole development.
Subsidence/ Collapse
_________ are rarely major disasters certainly not anywhere near the scale of the earthquake, volcanic, tsunami, or landslide disasters.
Collapse
________ of areas cause as much economic damage, although spread out over a longer period of time.
Subsidence
True or False. Water in the atmosphere can dissolve small amounts of carbon dioxide
True
Result in rainwater having a small amount of carbonic acid
CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca^+2 + 2HCO3^-2
Anthropogenic activities that can cause collapse.
Salt mining; coal mining
True or False. Fluids withdrawn from below increase the fluid pressure will result in removal of support and possible collapse
False. Decrease
_______ derives from the Slovene word _____, meaning depression in the landscape.
Doline; dolina
English terms with rather loose connotations.
Sinkhole, swallet, and swallow hole
Processes that form dolines
Piping
Cave collapse
Surface solution
Subsidence
Stream removal of superficial covers
Five classifications of doline (Jennings 1985; Ford and Williams 1989)
Alluvial stream-sink hole
Collapse Dolines
Suffosion Dolines
Subsidence Dolines
Solution dolines
Starts where _______ concentrated around favorable points such as joint intersections.
Solution; Solution Dolines
Produced suddenly when a roof of a cave formed by underground solution gives way and fracture or ruptures rock and soil.
Collapse Dolines
Form in an analogous manner to subjacent karst-collapse dolines, with a blanket of superficial deposits or thick soil being washed or failing into widened joints and solution pipes in the limestones beneath.
Suffossion Dolines
Form gradually by the sagging or settling of the ground surface without any manifest breakage of soil or rock.
Subsidence Dolines
Form in alluvium where streams descend into underlying calcareous rocks. The stream-sink is the point at which a stream disappears underground.
Alluvial Stream-Sink Dolines
Types of sinkhole based on Tihansky (1999)
Pipe sinkhole
Collapse sinkhole
Subsidence sinkhole
Solution sinkhole
Small lake in closed depression in limestone, due to an impervious clay floor or to intersection of depression with the water table.
Solution sinkhole
Lowering the surface of the ground because of the removal of support. Caused in karst areas by subterranean solution or collapse of caves.
Subsidence sinkhole
A closed depression formed by the collapse of tie roof of a cave.
Collapse sinkhole
A vertical cylindrical hole - attributable to the solution, often without surface expression, filled with debris, such as sand, clay, rock chips, and bones.
Pipe sinkhole
Enumerate the cause of sinkhole collapse
Gravity
Lowering of water table
Heavy rainfall
Ground movement due to earthquake
Ponding of subterranean river
Subsidence in coral reef
Splitting into chips or fragments where fragments of a material are ejected from a body due to impact and stress.
Spalling
Mitigating Subsidence Hazard
Susceptibility maps
Borehole studies
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey
Regulate groundwater extraction
Fluid injection
Grouting
