Ground subsidence and karst subsidence

Question 1

Lowering of the land surface due to sinkhole development.

Answer 1

Subsidence/ Collapse

Question 2

_________ are rarely major disasters certainly not anywhere near the scale of the earthquake, volcanic, tsunami, or landslide disasters.

Answer 2

Collapse

Question 3

________ of areas cause as much economic damage, although spread out over a longer period of time.

Answer 3

Subsidence

Question 4

True or False. Water in the atmosphere can dissolve small amounts of carbon dioxide

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Result in rainwater having a small amount of carbonic acid

Answer 5

CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca^+2 + 2HCO3^-2

Question 6

Anthropogenic activities that can cause collapse.

Answer 6

Salt mining; coal mining

Question 7

True or False. Fluids withdrawn from below increase the fluid pressure will result in removal of support and possible collapse

Answer 7

False. Decrease

Question 8

_______ derives from the Slovene word _____, meaning depression in the landscape.

Answer 8

Doline; dolina

Question 9

English terms with rather loose connotations.

Answer 9

Sinkhole, swallet, and swallow hole

Question 10

Processes that form dolines

Answer 10

Piping
Cave collapse
Surface solution
Subsidence
Stream removal of superficial covers

Question 11

Five classifications of doline (Jennings 1985; Ford and Williams 1989)

Answer 11

Alluvial stream-sink hole
Collapse Dolines
Suffosion Dolines
Subsidence Dolines
Solution dolines

Question 12

Starts where _______ concentrated around favorable points such as joint intersections.

Answer 12

Solution; Solution Dolines

Question 13

Produced suddenly when a roof of a cave formed by underground solution gives way and fracture or ruptures rock and soil.

Answer 13

Collapse Dolines

Question 14

Form in an analogous manner to subjacent karst-collapse dolines, with a blanket of superficial deposits or thick soil being washed or failing into widened joints and solution pipes in the limestones beneath.

Answer 14

Suffossion Dolines

Question 15

Form gradually by the sagging or settling of the ground surface without any manifest breakage of soil or rock.

Answer 15

Subsidence Dolines

Question 16

Form in alluvium where streams descend into underlying calcareous rocks. The stream-sink is the point at which a stream disappears underground.

Answer 16

Alluvial Stream-Sink Dolines

Question 17

Types of sinkhole based on Tihansky (1999)

Answer 17

Pipe sinkhole
Collapse sinkhole
Subsidence sinkhole
Solution sinkhole

Question 18

Small lake in closed depression in limestone, due to an impervious clay floor or to intersection of depression with the water table.

Answer 18

Solution sinkhole

Question 19

Lowering the surface of the ground because of the removal of support. Caused in karst areas by subterranean solution or collapse of caves.

Answer 19

Subsidence sinkhole

Question 20

A closed depression formed by the collapse of tie roof of a cave.

Answer 20

Collapse sinkhole

Question 21

A vertical cylindrical hole - attributable to the solution, often without surface expression, filled with debris, such as sand, clay, rock chips, and bones.

Answer 21

Pipe sinkhole

Question 22

Enumerate the cause of sinkhole collapse

Answer 22

Gravity
Lowering of water table
Heavy rainfall
Ground movement due to earthquake
Ponding of subterranean river
Subsidence in coral reef

Question 23

Splitting into chips or fragments where fragments of a material are ejected from a body due to impact and stress.

Answer 23

Spalling

Question 24

Mitigating Subsidence Hazard

Answer 24

Susceptibility maps
Borehole studies
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey
Regulate groundwater extraction
Fluid injection
Grouting