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Geohazard > Flooding > Flashcards

Flooding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of streams and rivers?

A

Drain the water and transport sediments

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2
Q

A stream overflow occurs if its ability to carry water is overwhelmed.

A

Flood

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3
Q

The volume of water moving through a channel over a period of time.

A

Stream discharge

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4
Q

A process where water flows through stream channels.

A

Runoff

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5
Q

Precipitation reaching the land surface moves downslope in thin sheets.

A

Overland flow

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6
Q

Discharge of groundwater into the surface environment.

A

Groundwater baseflow

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7
Q

Provide information about the river or stream by plotting the discharge and time.

A

Stream hydrographs

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8
Q

Amount of time for a water to move across the landscape and into channels.

A

Lag time

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9
Q

Continuous input of groundwater baseflow allows stream in many areas to keep flowing at minimum levels.

A

Baseflow conditions

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10
Q

More water infiltration causes groundwater to be higher than stream channels.

A

Gaining streams

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11
Q

Result of less deep infiltration in arid areas resulting in a water table below the streams.

A

Losing streams

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12
Q

Large streams serve as the principal channel within the drainage system.

A

River

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13
Q

Upper portion of the drainage system.

A

Headwaters

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14
Q

Found in the lower part of the system where a river empties into an ocean.

A

Mouth

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15
Q

Individual system separated from one another by topographic high or crest.

A

Drainage divide

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16
Q

Land area that collects water for an individual stream or river.

A

Drainage basin/ Watershed

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17
Q

Smaller streams that feed larger streams within a drainage basin.

A

Tributaries

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18
Q

A method of classifying or ordering the hierarchy of natural channels

A

Strahler Stream Order

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19
Q

The longitudinal profile reflects a downstream trade-off between discharge and slope in setting transport capacity.

A

Stream Longitudinal Profile

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20
Q

The limiting level below which a stream cannot erode is called _________.

A

Base level

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21
Q

Approximately equals the inverse of the source basin length.

A

Drainage density

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22
Q

True or False. Steep terrain has high drainage density while gentle terrains have low drainage density.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Drainage pattern that forms horizontally bedded and uniform sediments or on uniformly resistant crystalline rocks.

A

Dendritic

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24
Q

Drainage pattern that develops on moderate to steep slopes, but also where regional structure, such as outcropping resistant rock bands.

A

Parallel

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25
Q

Patterns most commonly on dipping or folded sedimentary or weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rock; also areas of joints and faults which intersect with right angles and old sand dunes with parallel alignment.

A

Trellis

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26
Q

Usually have more or less perpendicular turns mainly caused by crisscrossing fractures.

A

Rectangular

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27
Q

Occurs around domes or cones and is particularly common in volcanic areas.

A

Radial

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28
Q

Patterns also develop around domes, where there exist alternating resistant and weak beds.

A

Annular

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29
Q

Can occur in a variety of conditions where local hummocks and depressions inhibit a continuous channel network.

A

Multibasinal

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30
Q

Incised into rocks with complicated structural patterns. Associated with crystalline metamorphic rocks with a history of intense folding, jointing, intrusion, alterations, and faulting.

A

Contorted

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31
Q

Types flowing streams.

A

Perennial, intermittent, & ephemeral

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32
Q

Types of linearity of river.

A

Straight, meandering and braided

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33
Q

The Cross profile of the river can be described as _______.

A

Gently and steeply sloping

34
Q

The length of the profile can be described as __________.

A

Graded or interrupted profile

35
Q

Loose rock particles/sediments deposited on a stream.

A

Alluvium

36
Q

Key factors in a stream’s ability to erode the landscape is _______ .

A

Velocity of the water

37
Q

_______ unstable overhang located at the outer bank which is produced by the velocity increase.

A

Cutbanks

38
Q

Inner bank where velocity decreases sediments tends to accumulate and form deposit.

A

Point bar

39
Q

__________ by streams is not performed by the water itself, but rather by the sediment that wears away rock.

A

Downcutting

40
Q

Evidence of stream abrasion.

A

Potholes

41
Q

Swirling motion of water column

A

eddy current

42
Q

Velocity of a stream segment is controlled by _____.

A

stream gradient

43
Q

Sea level is referred to as ________________ because oceans represents the low point of most rivers.

A

ultimate base level

44
Q

___________ describes the fraction of solid particles that is in suspended state.

A

Suspended load

45
Q

___________ consist of sediments particles that roll, bounces, or remain stationary.

A

Bed load

46
Q

The process whereby water separates sediment grains based on their size, shape, and density.

A

Hydraulic sorting

47
Q

Mound-shaped channel deposits consisting of sorted material ranging in size from boulders to coarse gravel to fine sand.

A

Bars

48
Q

__________ are formed when a rivers enters a lake or ocean.

A

Deltas

49
Q

________ large fan-shaped deposits that form where steep mountains streams empty out onto valley floors at the mouth of river.

A

Alluvial fans

50
Q

A channel that is choked with sediments called a ________.

A

Braided streams

51
Q

Transport considerable amounts of dissolved ion refer to as the ____________.

A

Dissolved load

52
Q

________ erosion that occurs along the outside of meander bends produces wider valleys over time.

A

Natural floodplain

53
Q

_________ a pair of ridges that run parallel to the bank which are formed due to the deposition of sediments.

A

Natural levees

54
Q

Areas on the floodplain that are poorly drained and can remain wet after the flood.

A

Back swamps

55
Q

Old floodplains are poorly drained and dry as the river migrates.

A

Stream terraces

56
Q

Normally dry areas of land become inundated.

A

Flood

57
Q

_______ the height at which a river begins to overflow.

A

Flood stage

58
Q

The ability of the ground to absorb water is referred to as __________.

A

Infiltration capacity

59
Q

The actual rate at which water can infiltrate is determined by the ________ of the land surface, _______ and _______ of the material.

A

Slope;
Type of ground material and
Moisture content

60
Q

Vegetation intercepts and stores a certain fraction of the rain water.

A

Vegetation cover

61
Q

Floods that have short duration with relatively high peak discharge.

A

Flash flood

62
Q

Can be defined as one where a river leaves its channel farther down in its drainage basin, flowing out onto its floodplain and inundating large areas of the valley floor.

A

Downstream floods

63
Q

Another term for flash flood.

A

Upstream flood

64
Q

Land-use factors that affect flooding.

A

Removal of natural vegetation
Destruction of wetlands
Construction activity
Urbanization

65
Q

Flood mitigation measures.

A

Dams
Artificial levees
Channelization
Erosion controls
Flood proofing
Education

66
Q

Protecting floods and serving as an important source of freshwater and electrical power.

A

Dams

67
Q

Constructed of earthen materials, but large concrete panels called floodwalls are sometimes used.

A

Artificial levees

68
Q

Straightening and deepening a stream channel so that its discharge capacity is increased.

A

Channelization

69
Q

Temporarily stores some the excesses water in a series of depression which are constructed within the tributary network.

A

Retention basins

70
Q

Practices that tend to keep soil particles in place so as to minimize the amount of material able to move downslope.

A

Erosion control

71
Q

Type of barrier in which vegetated strips line the banks of stream channels trapping sediments before it can enter the drainage network.

A

Stream buffers

72
Q

Synthetic fabric that is fine enough to trap sediments but allow some water to pass.

A

Silt fences

73
Q

Ponds constructed for the purpose of trapping any sediments.

A

Silt basin

74
Q

Involves raising the building above the expected flood level.

A

Flood proofing

75
Q

_____ the public about flooding in a very cost-effective means of reducing the number of fatalities and property damage.

A

Education

76
Q

Increase the ability of water to flow downslope, which translates into more overland flow and less infiltration.

A

Removal of natural vegetation

77
Q

Excessive dislodged sediment is moved off the landscape into the drainage systems which causes channels to become filled with sediments.

A

Sediment pollution

78
Q

The destruction of ________ has reduced the landscape’s ability to store water.

A

destruction of wetlands

79
Q

This activity exacerbates flooding because it increases the overland flow and causes stream channels to fill with sediment.

A

Construction activity

80
Q

Large pipes called ________ are typically used for small streams that flow intermittently.

A

Culverts

81
Q

Land covered with an impermeable surface which do not allow water to infiltrate, but rather forces to moved as overland flow.

A

Urbanization

Geohazard (13 decks)

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