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Geohazard > Earth’s Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles > Flashcards

Earth’s Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

Discontinuity between upper and lower crust

A

Conrad discontinuity

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2
Q

Discontinuity between lower crust and upper mantle

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity

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3
Q

Discontinuity between upper and lower mantle

A

repetti discontinuity

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4
Q

Discontinuity between lower mantle and outer core

A

gutenberg discontinuity

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5
Q

discontinuity between outer and inner core

A

lehman discontinuity

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6
Q

Oceanic crust is enriched with what kind of oxides.

A

magnesium (MgO), iron (FeO), calcium (CaO)

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7
Q

Average and maximum depth of oceanic crust

A

average 5-7km; maximum 18km

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8
Q

Slices of ocean crust thrust onto continental margins

A

ophiolites

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9
Q

Composition of continental crust

A

K2O, Na2O, SiO2

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10
Q

Oldest well documented continental crusts

A

4.03 Ga NW territories of Canada

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11
Q

Age of some continental crusts results from ______.

A

relative bouyancy

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12
Q

This zone, which ranges in thickness from 2700 to 2900 kilometers, is located near the bottom of the mantle. Deep mantle plumes emerge here, and subducting slabs come to an end here.

A

D’ Layer

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13
Q

Transition zone between SIAL and SIMA

A

Conrad discontinuity

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14
Q

The average silica content of oceanic crusts

A

50%

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15
Q

The average silica content of continental crust

A

60%

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16
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

2.9 - 3.1 g/cm3

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17
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.6-2.9 g/cm3

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18
Q

The continental crust have an average thickness of _______.

A

30 km

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19
Q

The oceanic crust have an age up to _________ and covers ______ of Earth’s history.

A

180 Ma; 3.5%

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20
Q

The continental crust have an age up to ________ and covers _________ of Earth’s history.

A

4000 Ma; 85-90%

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21
Q

Chemical Formula of Ringwoodite, Olivine, Beta Spinel and Garnet

A

Mg2SiO4

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22
Q

What are the major minerals of mesosphere?

A

Olivine, Beta Spinel/Waldeysite, Ringwoodite/Garnet, Perovskite/ Periclase

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23
Q

Chemical Formula of Perovskite

A

(Mg, Fe, Al) SiO3

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24
Q

Chemical Formula of Periclase

A

MgO

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25
_____ model sinking slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere are the downward limbs of convection cells, while rising magma plumes carry hot material from the core-mantle boundary toward the surface.
Whole mantle model
26
It is a mantle convection model which suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths and stirs the entire mantle the ultimate burial ground for subducting slabs is the core mantle boundary. This downward flow is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that transport hot material toward
Layer cake model
27
A relatively rigid layer, which is strong enough to rupture in response to stress.
Lithosphere
28
It occurs within the upper mantle at depths of 100-250km below the surface.
Low velocity zone
29
It marks a contact between the strong lithosphere and weak asthenosphere.
Low velocity zone
30
_________ a layer that is more plastic and flows slowly, rather than rupturing, when subjected to stress.
Asthenosphere
31
These are common in a complex zone near the core-mantle boundary called the _______.
D' Layer
32
The __________ ranges from ~130 to 340 km above the core-mantle boundary.
D' discontinuity
33
_______ related to the formation of deep mantle plumes within the lower mantle.
ultra-low velocity zone
34
The earth's core consist of _____________.
Fe - 85% Ni - 5% O, S, H - 8 - 10%
35
What are the heat sources in the Earth?
Frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the planet. Heat from the decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements/Nuclides
36
What is matter?
The substance of which any physical object is composed.
37
States of matter and their controlling factors.
Solid, Liquid, Gas Temperature and Pressure
38
The make-up of solid matter on Earth
Atoms - Elements - Compounds - Minerals - Rock
39
What is elements?
Fundamental building blocks It is the smallest matter that can't be broken down
40
What is Goldschmidt classification?
Lithophiles, Siderophiles, Chalcophile, Atmophile
41
What are lithophiles?
oxygen and silica-loving element
42
What is siderophiles?
43
What is chalcophile?
Sulfide loving element
44
What is atmophile?
45
What is atom?
stuff that builds elements
46
Structure of atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
47
Define as the nucleus of an atom
Protons + neutrons
48
Layers that orbit around the nucleus are called_________.
Energy-level shells
49
Atoms of the same element and different mass number is called _______.
isotopes
50
What is ion?
atom that has gained or lost an electron.
51
What is cations?
a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge
52
What is anions?
a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge
53
__________ consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio.
chemical compound
54
The smallest quantity of a compound is called a ________
molecule
55
What are the two types of bonding?
ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der waals
56
Electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions. Orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions Bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water)
Ionic bonding
57
Electrons are shared between atoms. Generally strong bonds (e.g., diamond, pure C)
Covalent bonding
58
Electrons drift around from atom to atom (e.g., copper, gold) Good conductors of electrical current Generally weaker, less common than other bonds
Metallic bonding
59
What is the differences in transitional ionic covalent bonds are smaller than _______ , the bonds are primarily electron sharing covalent bonds.
Electronegativity, 1.68
60
Sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together by weak electrostatic forces Very weak bond
Van der Waals bonding
61
Definition of mineral?
naturally occurring inorganic definite chemical composition ordered crystalline structure homogenous solid
62
What is an aggregate?
mixture of minerals
63
Ranking the abundant elements in the crust.
46.6% - Oxygen 27.7% - Silicon 8.1% - Aluminum 5.0% - Iron 3.6% - Calcium 2.8% - Sodium 2.6% - Potassium 2.1% - Magnesium 1.5% - Others
64
Ranking the abundant minerals of the earth.
39% - Plagioclase feldspar 12% - Potassium feldspar 12% - Quartz 11% - Pyroxene 8% - Nonsilicates 5% - Micas 5% - Clays 3% - Other silicates
65
Common silicate structure
Nesosilicate - olivine Inosilicates (single chain) - pyroxene Inosilicates (double chain) - hornblend Phyllosilicates (sheet) - biotite Tectosilicate (3D) - Quartz
66
No energy or matter leaks out of system none comes in.
Isolated system
67
Energy may transfer into and out of the system, but not mass
Closed system
68
Matter and energy may flow into and out of the system freely
Open system
69
The balance between input and outflow.
Steady state system
70
Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere
Exosphere 800 - 3000 km Thermosphere 90 - 800 km Mesosphere - 50 - 90 km Stratosphere - 11 - 50 km Troposhere - 0 - 12 km
71
The global cycle of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are among the examples that fall under this category
Biogeochemical cycle
72
Hydrous minerals and pore spaces
Connate water
73
It connects with the circulation of deep seated ___________ associated with magma production and the rock cycle
Juvenile water
74
The circulation of meteoric water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and upper parts of the crust
Water cycle
75
____________ the surface and near surface waters of the Earth is made of meteoric water
Hydrosphere

Geohazard (13 decks)

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