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Geohazard > Earth’s Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles > Flashcards

Earth’s Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

Discontinuity between upper and lower crust

A

Conrad discontinuity

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2
Q

Discontinuity between lower crust and upper mantle

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity

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3
Q

Discontinuity between upper and lower mantle

A

repetti discontinuity

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4
Q

Discontinuity between lower mantle and outer core

A

gutenberg discontinuity

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5
Q

discontinuity between outer and inner core

A

lehman discontinuity

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6
Q

Oceanic crust is enriched with what kind of oxides.

A

magnesium (MgO), iron (FeO), calcium (CaO)

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7
Q

Average and maximum depth of oceanic crust

A

average 5-7km; maximum 18km

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8
Q

Slices of ocean crust thrust onto continental margins

A

ophiolites

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9
Q

Composition of continental crust

A

K2O, Na2O, SiO2

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10
Q

Oldest well documented continental crusts

A

4.03 Ga NW territories of Canada

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11
Q

Age of some continental crusts results from ______.

A

relative bouyancy

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12
Q

This zone, which ranges in thickness from 2700 to 2900 kilometers, is located near the bottom of the mantle. Deep mantle plumes emerge here, and subducting slabs come to an end here.

A

D’ Layer

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13
Q

Transition zone between SIAL and SIMA

A

Conrad discontinuity

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14
Q

The average silica content of oceanic crusts

A

50%

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15
Q

The average silica content of continental crust

A

60%

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16
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

2.9 - 3.1 g/cm3

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17
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.6-2.9 g/cm3

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18
Q

The continental crust have an average thickness of _______.

A

30 km

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19
Q

The oceanic crust have an age up to _________ and covers ______ of Earth’s history.

A

180 Ma; 3.5%

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20
Q

The continental crust have an age up to ________ and covers _________ of Earth’s history.

A

4000 Ma; 85-90%

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21
Q

Chemical Formula of Ringwoodite, Olivine, Beta Spinel and Garnet

A

Mg2SiO4

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22
Q

What are the major minerals of mesosphere?

A

Olivine, Beta Spinel/Waldeysite, Ringwoodite/Garnet, Perovskite/ Periclase

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23
Q

Chemical Formula of Perovskite

A

(Mg, Fe, Al) SiO3

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24
Q

Chemical Formula of Periclase

A

MgO

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25
Q

_____ model sinking slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere are the downward limbs of convection cells, while rising magma plumes carry hot material from the core-mantle boundary toward the surface.

A

Whole mantle model

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26
Q

It is a mantle convection model which suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths and stirs the entire mantle the ultimate burial ground for subducting slabs is the core mantle boundary. This downward flow is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that transport hot material toward

A

Layer cake model

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27
Q

A relatively rigid layer, which is strong enough to rupture in response to stress.

A

Lithosphere

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28
Q

It occurs within the upper mantle at depths of 100-250km below the surface.

A

Low velocity zone

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29
Q

It marks a contact between the strong lithosphere and weak asthenosphere.

A

Low velocity zone

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30
Q

_________ a layer that is more plastic and flows slowly, rather than rupturing, when subjected to stress.

A

Asthenosphere

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31
Q

These are common in a complex zone near the core-mantle boundary called the _______.

A

D’ Layer

32
Q

The __________ ranges from ~130 to 340 km above the core-mantle boundary.

A

D’ discontinuity

33
Q

_______ related to the formation of deep mantle plumes within the lower mantle.

A

ultra-low velocity zone

34
Q

The earth’s core consist of _____________.

A

Fe - 85%
Ni - 5%
O, S, H - 8 - 10%

35
Q

What are the heat sources in the Earth?

A

Frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the planet.

Heat from the decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements/Nuclides

36
Q

What is matter?

A

The substance of which any physical object is composed.

37
Q

States of matter and their controlling factors.

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Temperature and Pressure

38
Q

The make-up of solid matter on Earth

A

Atoms - Elements - Compounds - Minerals - Rock

39
Q

What is elements?

A

Fundamental building blocks
It is the smallest matter that can’t be broken down

40
Q

What is Goldschmidt classification?

A

Lithophiles, Siderophiles, Chalcophile, Atmophile

41
Q

What are lithophiles?

A

oxygen and silica-loving element

42
Q

What is siderophiles?

A
43
Q

What is chalcophile?

A

Sulfide loving element

44
Q

What is atmophile?

A
45
Q

What is atom?

A

stuff that builds elements

46
Q

Structure of atom

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

47
Q

Define as the nucleus of an atom

A

Protons + neutrons

48
Q

Layers that orbit around the nucleus are called_________.

A

Energy-level shells

49
Q

Atoms of the same element and different mass number is called _______.

A

isotopes

50
Q

What is ion?

A

atom that has gained or lost an electron.

51
Q

What is cations?

A

a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge

52
Q

What is anions?

A

a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge

53
Q

__________ consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio.

A

chemical compound

54
Q

The smallest quantity of a compound is
called a ________

A

molecule

55
Q

What are the two types of bonding?

A

ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der waals

56
Q

Electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions.

Orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions

Bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water)

A

Ionic bonding

57
Q

Electrons are shared between atoms.

Generally strong bonds (e.g., diamond, pure C)

A

Covalent bonding

58
Q

Electrons drift around from atom to atom
(e.g., copper, gold)

Good conductors of electrical current

Generally weaker, less common than other
bonds

A

Metallic bonding

59
Q

What is the differences in transitional ionic covalent bonds are smaller than _______ , the bonds are primarily electron sharing covalent bonds.

A

Electronegativity, 1.68

60
Q

Sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together
by weak electrostatic forces

Very weak bond

A

Van der Waals bonding

61
Q

Definition of mineral?

A

naturally occurring
inorganic
definite chemical composition
ordered crystalline structure
homogenous solid

62
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

mixture of minerals

63
Q

Ranking the abundant elements in the crust.

A

46.6% - Oxygen
27.7% - Silicon
8.1% - Aluminum
5.0% - Iron
3.6% - Calcium
2.8% - Sodium
2.6% - Potassium
2.1% - Magnesium
1.5% - Others

64
Q

Ranking the abundant minerals of the earth.

A

39% - Plagioclase feldspar
12% - Potassium feldspar
12% - Quartz
11% - Pyroxene
8% - Nonsilicates
5% - Micas
5% - Clays
3% - Other silicates

65
Q

Common silicate structure

A

Nesosilicate - olivine
Inosilicates (single chain) - pyroxene
Inosilicates (double chain) - hornblend
Phyllosilicates (sheet) - biotite
Tectosilicate (3D) - Quartz

66
Q

No energy or matter leaks out of system none comes in.

A

Isolated system

67
Q

Energy may transfer into and out of the system, but not mass

A

Closed system

68
Q

Matter and energy may flow into and out of the system freely

A

Open system

69
Q

The balance between input and outflow.

A

Steady state system

70
Q

Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere

A

Exosphere 800 - 3000 km
Thermosphere 90 - 800 km
Mesosphere - 50 - 90 km
Stratosphere - 11 - 50 km
Troposhere - 0 - 12 km

71
Q

The global cycle of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are among the examples that fall under this category

A

Biogeochemical cycle

72
Q

Hydrous minerals and pore spaces

A

Connate water

73
Q

It connects with the circulation of deep seated ___________ associated with magma production and the rock cycle

A

Juvenile water

74
Q

The circulation of meteoric water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and upper parts of the crust

A

Water cycle

75
Q

____________ the surface and near surface waters of the Earth is made of meteoric water

A

Hydrosphere

Geohazard (13 decks)

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