Earth’s Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles Flashcards
Discontinuity between upper and lower crust
Conrad discontinuity
Discontinuity between lower crust and upper mantle
Mohorovicic discontinuity
Discontinuity between upper and lower mantle
repetti discontinuity
Discontinuity between lower mantle and outer core
gutenberg discontinuity
discontinuity between outer and inner core
lehman discontinuity
Oceanic crust is enriched with what kind of oxides.
magnesium (MgO), iron (FeO), calcium (CaO)
Average and maximum depth of oceanic crust
average 5-7km; maximum 18km
Slices of ocean crust thrust onto continental margins
ophiolites
Composition of continental crust
K2O, Na2O, SiO2
Oldest well documented continental crusts
4.03 Ga NW territories of Canada
Age of some continental crusts results from ______.
relative bouyancy
This zone, which ranges in thickness from 2700 to 2900 kilometers, is located near the bottom of the mantle. Deep mantle plumes emerge here, and subducting slabs come to an end here.
D’ Layer
Transition zone between SIAL and SIMA
Conrad discontinuity
The average silica content of oceanic crusts
50%
The average silica content of continental crust
60%
Density of oceanic crust
2.9 - 3.1 g/cm3
Density of continental crust
2.6-2.9 g/cm3
The continental crust have an average thickness of _______.
30 km
The oceanic crust have an age up to _________ and covers ______ of Earth’s history.
180 Ma; 3.5%
The continental crust have an age up to ________ and covers _________ of Earth’s history.
4000 Ma; 85-90%
Chemical Formula of Ringwoodite, Olivine, Beta Spinel and Garnet
Mg2SiO4
What are the major minerals of mesosphere?
Olivine, Beta Spinel/Waldeysite, Ringwoodite/Garnet, Perovskite/ Periclase
Chemical Formula of Perovskite
(Mg, Fe, Al) SiO3
Chemical Formula of Periclase
MgO
_____ model sinking slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere are the downward limbs of convection cells, while rising magma plumes carry hot material from the core-mantle boundary toward the surface.
Whole mantle model
It is a mantle convection model which suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths and stirs the entire mantle the ultimate burial ground for subducting slabs is the core mantle boundary. This downward flow is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that transport hot material toward
Layer cake model
A relatively rigid layer, which is strong enough to rupture in response to stress.
Lithosphere
It occurs within the upper mantle at depths of 100-250km below the surface.
Low velocity zone
It marks a contact between the strong lithosphere and weak asthenosphere.
Low velocity zone
_________ a layer that is more plastic and flows slowly, rather than rupturing, when subjected to stress.
Asthenosphere
These are common in a complex zone near the core-mantle boundary called the _______.
D’ Layer
The __________ ranges from ~130 to 340 km above the core-mantle boundary.
D’ discontinuity
_______ related to the formation of deep mantle plumes within the lower mantle.
ultra-low velocity zone
The earth’s core consist of _____________.
Fe - 85%
Ni - 5%
O, S, H - 8 - 10%
What are the heat sources in the Earth?
Frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the planet.
Heat from the decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements/Nuclides
What is matter?
The substance of which any physical object is composed.
States of matter and their controlling factors.
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Temperature and Pressure
The make-up of solid matter on Earth
Atoms - Elements - Compounds - Minerals - Rock
What is elements?
Fundamental building blocks
It is the smallest matter that can’t be broken down
What is Goldschmidt classification?
Lithophiles, Siderophiles, Chalcophile, Atmophile
What are lithophiles?
oxygen and silica-loving element
What is siderophiles?
What is chalcophile?
Sulfide loving element
What is atmophile?
What is atom?
stuff that builds elements
Structure of atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
Define as the nucleus of an atom
Protons + neutrons
Layers that orbit around the nucleus are called_________.
Energy-level shells
Atoms of the same element and different mass number is called _______.
isotopes
What is ion?
atom that has gained or lost an electron.
What is cations?
a loss of electrons, resulting in a positive (+) charge
What is anions?
a gain of electrons, resulting in a negative (-) charge
__________ consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio.
chemical compound
The smallest quantity of a compound is
called a ________
molecule
What are the two types of bonding?
ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der waals
Electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions.
Orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions
Bonds are moderately strong (salt dissolves in water)
Ionic bonding
Electrons are shared between atoms.
Generally strong bonds (e.g., diamond, pure C)
Covalent bonding
Electrons drift around from atom to atom
(e.g., copper, gold)
Good conductors of electrical current
Generally weaker, less common than other
bonds
Metallic bonding
What is the differences in transitional ionic covalent bonds are smaller than _______ , the bonds are primarily electron sharing covalent bonds.
Electronegativity, 1.68
Sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together
by weak electrostatic forces
Very weak bond
Van der Waals bonding
Definition of mineral?
naturally occurring
inorganic
definite chemical composition
ordered crystalline structure
homogenous solid
What is an aggregate?
mixture of minerals
Ranking the abundant elements in the crust.
46.6% - Oxygen
27.7% - Silicon
8.1% - Aluminum
5.0% - Iron
3.6% - Calcium
2.8% - Sodium
2.6% - Potassium
2.1% - Magnesium
1.5% - Others
Ranking the abundant minerals of the earth.
39% - Plagioclase feldspar
12% - Potassium feldspar
12% - Quartz
11% - Pyroxene
8% - Nonsilicates
5% - Micas
5% - Clays
3% - Other silicates
Common silicate structure
Nesosilicate - olivine
Inosilicates (single chain) - pyroxene
Inosilicates (double chain) - hornblend
Phyllosilicates (sheet) - biotite
Tectosilicate (3D) - Quartz
No energy or matter leaks out of system none comes in.
Isolated system
Energy may transfer into and out of the system, but not mass
Closed system
Matter and energy may flow into and out of the system freely
Open system
The balance between input and outflow.
Steady state system
Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere
Exosphere 800 - 3000 km
Thermosphere 90 - 800 km
Mesosphere - 50 - 90 km
Stratosphere - 11 - 50 km
Troposhere - 0 - 12 km
The global cycle of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are among the examples that fall under this category
Biogeochemical cycle
Hydrous minerals and pore spaces
Connate water
It connects with the circulation of deep seated ___________ associated with magma production and the rock cycle
Juvenile water
The circulation of meteoric water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and upper parts of the crust
Water cycle
____________ the surface and near surface waters of the Earth is made of meteoric water
Hydrosphere